2. Transfer based on a real connection (contiguity).

Metonymy – implies referring to a concept by its feature, quality, and characteristic. What is named is closely connected with the subject implied, but it may not be an actual part of it. (Hollywood = film industry, Bob, the heat is unbearable! Just look how the mercury is rising (temperature).

Trite metonymy:

• This land belongs to the crown.

• Will you have another cup?

• The press – printing or publishing establishment and its personnel.

• The bench – generic term for magistrates and justices.

• He was called to the bar. -

• From cradle to grave (life).

Genuine metonymy is expressive, contextual. It reveals a quite unexpected substitution of one word or concept for another on the basis of some strong impression produced by a particular feature of the thing. (Definitely, the moustache and I had nothing in common!)

Metaphor – is based on affinity, not actual connection. It is remaining by similarity. One image excludes the other (the sky lamp of the night = the moon). The ground for comparison is Really wide (a lot of common characteristics between 2 objects). Metaphor is more complicated.

Metonymy- is based on real connection. It is remaining by contiguity. The two images are perceived simultaneously (moustache and the man are closely associated). The scope of transference of features is narrow (the actual relations between objects are limited).

There are more metaphors than metonymies. Metonymy is based on different types of relations objectively existing between the object named and the object implied.

Relations between the object named and the object implied:

1. a concrete thing instead of an abstract notion (symbol) – a sword = war, the camp (=the military), the pulpit = the preaching, He was called to the bar; (England) sucked the blood of other countries, destroyed the brains and hearts of Irishmen, Hindus, Egyptans and Burnese/

2. the container instead of the thing contained (The hall applauded (the audience). The kettle is boiling (the water).

3. the relation of proximity (The round game table was boisterous and happy (=the people).(Dickens) The Oval Office/The White House (=American government) , capital city to refer to a government.

4. the material instead of the thing made of this material (The maid was cleaning silver. In the purse were two halfcrowns and some coppers. (J.Joyce),She shivered under the dotted muslin (=blouse). The knight drew his steel from the scabbard(=the sword).)

5. the instrument instead action (The sword is the worst argument. We didn’t speak because there were ears all around us. (Chase). Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears (=listen to me).(Shakespeare)

6. consequence instead of the reason (The fish desperately takes the death. You don’t ask Joe questions unless you want a new set of teeth (Clifford).He didn’t realie it, but he was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery.

7. characteristic feature instead of a person or object (Blue suit grinned (Priestley). Miss Fourteen-to-Sixteen. She lives at expensive address (Christie).+ antonomasia)

8. name of the inventor instead of the object invented (Put Beethoven on the turntable and turn up the volume + metonymic antonomasia. I am fond of Dickens).

9. weight for amount (A few hundred pounds of 20-dollar bills ought to solve the problem nicely).

10. something that the man possesses instead of the man himself (She married money).

This list is not final, it can be continued.

Synecdoche – the most primitive part of metonymy, based on the relations between the part and the whole. There are 4 types:

1. the part stands for the whole (Who is behind the wheel? All hands on deck! Все на палубу! Hands wanted. A fleet of 50 sails. I was followed by a pair of heavy boots.)

2. the whole stands for the part (Get in here this minute or I’ll spank your body! (=rear end).

3. the genus for the species (the class for the individual) – Stop torturing the poor animal! He hurled the barbed weapon at the whale. Reading books instead of working!

4. the individual stands for the class (the species for the genus)(a/The student is expected to know… It is sure hard to earn a dollar these days).