1. Anaphora (a …, a…). the purpose -strengthening the element: better for common sense, better for him, better for me.

2. Epiphora (… b, …b). regularizes the rhythm of the text and makes prose resemble poetry.

3. Symploce

4. Framing (a…a,b…b,c…c). “Money is what he’s after, money!” (Galore)

5. Anadiplosis/catch-repetition (…a, a…): I was happy; happy at least in my oun way.

6. Chain repetition (…a, a…b, b…c, c…): a linking element is repeated several times.

7. 4.Chiasmus (“crossing”) -two syntactical constructions (sentence or phrases) are parallel, but their members (words) change places, their syntactical positions. “I love my Love and my Love loves me!” (Coleridge) Certain puns are based upon chiasmus: Soldiers face powder, girls powder faces.

4. Syntactical tautology (prolepsis). -repetition of the noun in the form of the corresponding personal pronoun. The stylistic function is topicalization of the “theme”. “Miss Tillie Webster, she slept forty days and nights without waking up.” (O. Henry) (the speech of uneducated people):

6.Tautology in appended statements. The term “appended statement” -repetition of the sentence in a very general manner. It consists of two elements: the pronominal subject and an auxiliary or modal verb representing the predicate of the main sentence. Appended statements are always intensifies.“I wished my hands and face before I come, I did… I know what the like of you are, I do.” (Shaw)

10 лекция

Stylistic Syntax

1. Compression

2. Redundance

3. Redistribution

• Inversion

• Detachment

• Parcellation

• Anacoluthon

• Retardation

• Enumeration

• Suspence

• Gradation

• Back-gradation

• Anti-climax

Unusual arrangement of the components of the utterance. Word order is crucial syntactical problem in many languages. The fixed word order : subject, predicate, object. Any change in this prodominous structure becomes comp…

Inversion –

1) grammatical (Has only structural meaning)

2) stylistic (fulfiils superstructural function)

• Partial – secondary sentence components before subj, predicate, obj.

(Talent Mr. Mecawber has; capital Mr Micawber has not. Eagerly I wished the morrow. Off the sped. Up you go!)

• Complete (Down dropped the breeze. Rude am I in my speech)

• Secondary inversion (Kuchaenko) direct word order in yes no questions (you know him? You are from Russia? You remember me? Surely you have not forgotten that?) typical of colloquial speech.

Functions of inversion:

White flows the river. Once upon a midnight dreary. Bang went Philbrick’s revolver. In he got and away the went. To march about you would not like us? Suggested the stationmaster.

Detacment –

He wasn’t much of a business man too emotional

And if I then am not ashamed of my punishment, as I hope not to be, I shall be able to think , and walk, and live with freedom.

Functions of detachment 121 стр.

Parcellation –

I need to beg you for money. Daily!

I can’t help despising him. And his manners. And his air of confidence. He’s thick.

Anacoluthon-

You know what I –but let’s forget it.

And I have to say-oh, never mind.

Retardation – 122 ctr.

Suitor: Er-I-er-am seeking your daughter’s hand – er- have you any objection, sir?

Father: Non at all. Take the one that’s always in my pocket.

She must leave-or-or,better yet- may be drown herself

This notion…eh….means….eh, well

Enumeration

The open spaces, the hot sun, the sense of freedom, had been a pleasing contrast to her in the city.

Suspence: 123

The important thing, the thing that lies before me, the thing that I have to do, if the brief remainder of my days is not to be maimed, marred and incomplete, is to absorb into my nature all that has been done to me, to make it part of me, to accept it without complaint, fear, or reluctance.

Function:

Gradation (climax)

Types of gradation

• Logical

• Emotive

• Quantative

Back-gradation

Anti-climax (=bathos)

Syntactical stylistic devices based on transportation

• rhetorical questions

• Quasi-negative

• Quasi-affirmative

• …-imperative

• …-interogative

• Represented speech (uttered,unuttered)

• Question in the narrative

Rhetorical questions

Are these the remedies for a starving and desperate populace? (=These are not the remedies) “affirmation”, “negation”, “interrogation”, “exhortation”.

124 ctr.

He points out that in various …. Informative…he points out that his 4 . are interchangeable ….

Quasi-affirmative sentences – they are rhetorical questions, containing a negative predicate, but suppose positive 125

Negative, yea-no questions:

Don’t I remember? (= I do remember)

Isn’t that too bad?(= That is too bad)

In the form of (negative)

Quasi-negative sentences 126

a) In the form of a Yes-No question:

Si I say a word about the money?

b) In the form of Wh-question:

When did I lie to you?

c) In the form of Who-question:

And who are you ti judge me?

d) as if- clause:

As if I ever stop thinking about a girl…

E) Ironical repetition:

Shall you be bavk to denner , sir? Dinner!

f) By certain set expressions:

I know Bret is innocent. Innocent, like hell!

I’ve been expecting this from you

Quasi-imperative sentences 127

Tea. For two. Out here.

Here! Quick!

Quasi –interrogative sentences

Fill in your age and birthplace .

Here you are to write down your age and birthplace.

Represented speech 127