- •Class nouns
- •Names of persons
- •Geographical names
- •Miscellaneous proper names
- •Set expressions
- •Some syntactic relations
- •Parts of the day
- •Names of seasons and names of meals
- •"School, college, bed, prison, jail; sea; town, wind, weather, life"
- •Names of diseases and names of languages
- •Certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •The oblique moods subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •The conditional mood
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •The suppositional mood
- •The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
- •The functions of p1 & p2
- •The objective participial construction
- •The subjective participial construction
- •The nominative absolute participial construction, the prepositional absolute participial construction
- •The absolute constructions without a participle
- •Double nature of the gerund, its tense and voice
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •The use of the gerund
- •The functions of the gerund
- •The gerund & the participle. The gerund & the infinitive. The gerund & the verbal noun
- •The double nature of the infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice
- •The functions of the infinitive
- •The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •The subjective infinitive construction.
- •Syntax the word order
- •Position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers
- •The subject
- •"It" as the subject of the sentence
- •The predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject
- •The object
- •The complex object. The cognate object
- •The attribute
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements
- •The simple sentence
- •The compound sentence
- •The complex sentence
- •Attributive and adverbial clauses
- •The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Indirect speech (statements, questions)
- •Indirect orders and requests, offers, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations
The functions of p1 & p2
P1. Attribute. Corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие. Can be in pre-position (usually without any accompanying words) (He was looking at the approaching car) and post-position (with several accompanying words) (They were gazing at the stars shining brightly in the skies). P1 Perfect is not used as an attribute. A detached attribute acquires a certain independence in the sentence, it's separated from the noun it modifies by a comma (There was a land, enchanting with its beauty).
Adverbial Modifier. Corresponds to the Russian деепричастие несовершенного вида. P1 Perfect expresses an action prior to the one expressed by the finite verb and it corresponds to the Russian деепричастие совершенного вида. P1 can be an adverbial modifier of time (Approaching the door, he was talking loudly). Often conjunctions "when, while" are used. The verb "to be" can be omitted (When a boy, he made a lot of friends). Adverbial modifier of cause (Being a shy boy, he couldn't find the words to express all his feelings). AM of manner or attendant circumstances (He kept on talking, smiling all the time). AM of comparison. Introduced by the conjunctions "as if, as though" (She became silent as though not knowing what to say).
Predicative (The result of her words was very smoothing).
Part of a complex object (I saw him talking to you downstairs).
Part of a compound verbal predicate (He sat relaxing).
Parenthesis (Frankly speaking, he's the best man for her).
P2. Attribute. P2 of transitive verbs corresponds to Russian страдательное причастие or действительное причастие of some verbs ending in –ся. It can be used in pre-position and post-position (A guy in torn clothes; There was a house, happily painted). P2 of intransitive verbs which denote passing into a new state (mostly "to fade, to wither, to retire, to fall, to vanish") corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие or to an adjective (fallen leaves).
Adverbial modifier of time (When signed, the paper was sent to the boss). AM of condition (If asked, don't tell her anything). AM of comparison (He frowned as though offended by his words). AM of concession (He kept on going, though immensely exhausted by the journey).
Predicative (The door was locked).
Part of a complex object (I found him enchanted by a picture).
The objective participial construction
It's a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case (I could see my father repairing the TV-set). The P is in predicate relation to the noun "father", which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the P. In OPC P1 Active Indefinite or P2 is used. It has the function of a complex object. It can be found: 1) after verbs denoting sense perception ("to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.") (I heard her coming in); 2) after some verbs denoting mental activity ("to consider, to understand, etc.") (I consider myself engaged to her); 3) after the verbs "to have, to get", with P2 only (the action expressed by the P is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence) (She has her hair cut every month). In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb "to do" is used (When did you have your guitar tuned?). Occasionally the meaning of the construction is that the person denoted by the subject experiences the action denoted by the P (I had my appendicitis extracted).