- •Class nouns
- •Names of persons
- •Geographical names
- •Miscellaneous proper names
- •Set expressions
- •Some syntactic relations
- •Parts of the day
- •Names of seasons and names of meals
- •"School, college, bed, prison, jail; sea; town, wind, weather, life"
- •Names of diseases and names of languages
- •Certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •The oblique moods subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •The conditional mood
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •The suppositional mood
- •The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
- •The functions of p1 & p2
- •The objective participial construction
- •The subjective participial construction
- •The nominative absolute participial construction, the prepositional absolute participial construction
- •The absolute constructions without a participle
- •Double nature of the gerund, its tense and voice
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •The use of the gerund
- •The functions of the gerund
- •The gerund & the participle. The gerund & the infinitive. The gerund & the verbal noun
- •The double nature of the infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice
- •The functions of the infinitive
- •The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •The subjective infinitive construction.
- •Syntax the word order
- •Position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers
- •The subject
- •"It" as the subject of the sentence
- •The predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject
- •The object
- •The complex object. The cognate object
- •The attribute
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements
- •The simple sentence
- •The compound sentence
- •The complex sentence
- •Attributive and adverbial clauses
- •The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Indirect speech (statements, questions)
- •Indirect orders and requests, offers, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations
The oblique moods subjunctive I
Plain stem of the verb. Denotes a hypothetical action referring to the present or the future.
In simple sentences. Used in formulaic expressions to denote wish (Long live Rock 'n' roll!; Success attend you!), concession (So be it!; Come what may) and commands and requests with indefinite pronouns as subjects (Everybody leave the room!).
In complex sentences. In Nominal Clauses it's used in Subject Clauses after the expression of a modal meaning (It is required that all work hard). Rarely used after the expression of fear (His fear was that he be neglected).
In Adverbial Clauses it is used in clauses of concession after "though, although, whatever, etc." (Whatever the reason be, the fact remains) and in clauses of purpose (He stopped talking lest he be offended).
Subjunctive II
Past subjunctive. Expresses unreal actions.
In simple sentences. Denotes wish or regret (If only he had come!; Oh, that the rain were over!), preference or advice (We had better get down to work; I would rather study a bit). Can be used with modal verbs. It is followed by an infinitive (Where could we stay for a night?). The non-perfect form is homonymous with the Past Simple, the perfect form is homonymous with the Past Perfect and represents an action which is referred to the past and is contrary to the reality.
In complex sentences. In Nominal Clauses it can be used in Attributive Clauses introduced by clauses that begin with "it's (about, high) time" (non-perfect only) (It's about time you stopped talking). In Predicative Clauses it is used after link verbs "to be, to look, to smell, to sound, to feel, to seem, etc." + "as if, as though" (You look as though you had never seen it before). In Object Clauses it's introduced by the verb "to wish" and the modal expression "would rather" (I wish you were here; I'd rather you called her). Used in the indirect questions after the expression of doubt (I doubt that it were possible).
In Adverbial Clauses it is used in clauses of manner and comparison after the conjunctions "as if, as though" (He spoke as if he were going to cry). It is also used in adverbial clauses of condition (I shouldn't take it if I were you) and in adverbial clauses concession (after "even though") (Even if they had wanted to release the album, it would have been a failure).
The conditional mood
In simple sentences. The Conditional Mood can be used in simple sentences beginning with "But for…" (But for the rain we should continue our way). It's also used in sentences with implied condition (I wouldn't waste my time on such things in your place). The mood is used by the speaker so as to sound polite (less straightforward) (I should like to speak to her).
In complex sentences. Real conditions.
Zero condition (General truth) – used with conjunctions "when, if, unless, provided". One action or result always follows another one (Oil floods if you pour it into water).
Type I – refers to the future (I will help you if you need my help; If I fall in love I will get married).
Unreal conditions.
Type II – the verbs in the oblique moods directly refer to the present or the future (If I could play the guitar, I would be in a rock band).
Type III – the action or the result refer to the past (If I had known of your arrival yesterday I should have met you).
Mixed (split) conditions – a) the present unreal condition and the past unreal result (If I were rich, I would have bought a big house a long time ago); b) the unreal condition refers to the past and the unreal action refers to the present (If he hadn't wasted so much time, he wouldn't be so nervous now).