- •Class nouns
- •Names of persons
- •Geographical names
- •Miscellaneous proper names
- •Set expressions
- •Some syntactic relations
- •Parts of the day
- •Names of seasons and names of meals
- •"School, college, bed, prison, jail; sea; town, wind, weather, life"
- •Names of diseases and names of languages
- •Certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •The oblique moods subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •The conditional mood
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •The suppositional mood
- •The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
- •The functions of p1 & p2
- •The objective participial construction
- •The subjective participial construction
- •The nominative absolute participial construction, the prepositional absolute participial construction
- •The absolute constructions without a participle
- •Double nature of the gerund, its tense and voice
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •The use of the gerund
- •The functions of the gerund
- •The gerund & the participle. The gerund & the infinitive. The gerund & the verbal noun
- •The double nature of the infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice
- •The functions of the infinitive
- •The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •The subjective infinitive construction.
- •Syntax the word order
- •Position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers
- •The subject
- •"It" as the subject of the sentence
- •The predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject
- •The object
- •The complex object. The cognate object
- •The attribute
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements
- •The simple sentence
- •The compound sentence
- •The complex sentence
- •Attributive and adverbial clauses
- •The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Indirect speech (statements, questions)
- •Indirect orders and requests, offers, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations
The suppositional mood
Analytical form, built up with the help of the auxiliary verb "should" for all persons + infinitive. Expresses problematic actions (desirable, suggested, required…), which are not necessarily contradict reality. Expresses the same modality as Subjunctive I, that's why they can be used in the same syntactic structure. They are quite interchangeable and differ mainly stylistically.
In simple sentences. Used only in interrogative sentences beginning with "What if…" (And what if he should come back?).
In complex sentences. In Nominal Clauses it is used in Subject Clauses beginning with the introductory "It" in the principal clause when the modal meaning is expressed (It's important that he should come on time), after the expression of emotion (It shocked me that he should have been so cruel) and after the expression of fear (I feared lest he should find it out). In Object Clause it expresses the meaning of recommendation, suggestion, advice, insistence, etc. (He ordered that we should come). It may be used in Attributive and Predicative clauses. In Appositive clauses it usually modifies abstract nouns (idea, feeling…) and introduced by conjunctions "that, whether, as if, as though" or adverbs "how, why". The parts are not separated by comma (Her feeling that something else should happen surprised me; There's no reason why you shouldn't read it).
In Adverbial Clauses of purpose the Suppositional Mood is introduced by the conjunctions "so that, in case, lest" (He whispered these words lest somebody should overhear him). In Adverbial Clauses of concession it is introduced by the conjunctions "though, although, whatever, however, etc." (Though he should make every effort, he can't make it to the top). In Adverbial Clauses of condition referring to the future it's used to show that the action is possible though unlikely. In the principle clause the Imperative, Conditional or Future Indicative is used (Should he drop in tell him to wait for me; If I should meet her, I should tell her all about it; Should it be snowing we will stay in).
The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal, an adverbial or an adjectival character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute (He couldn't take his eyes off the words written in the letter) or adverbial modifier (When left alone he began thinking it over). The verbal characteristics: 1) P1 of a transitive verb can take a direct object (Closing the door he was strangely smiling); 2) P1 & P2 can be modified by an adverb (Deeply astonished, he went out); 3) P1 has tense distinctions (giving, having given…), P1 of a transitive verb has voice distinctions (given, being given…).
Tense distinctions. P1 Indefinite (Active & Passive) denotes an action simultaneous with the one expressed by the finite verb. Depending on the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the past, present or future (When watching the movie I couldn't understand a thing; When watching the movie one can't understand a thing; When watching the movie you will understand nothing). P1 Perfect (A&P) denotes an action prior to the one denoted by the finite verb (Having been given all the information, he knew what to do). Sometimes the priority is expressed even with P1 Indefinite with such verbs as "to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, etc." (Seeing the accident she ran away).
P2 has no tense distinctions. Mostly it's prior to the action expressed by the finite verb, but it also can denote a simultaneous action or an action referring to no particular time (Offended, he burst out crying; Concentrated on the problem he was motionless; Admired by everybody, he was very proud of himself).
Voice distinctions. P1 of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive forms (His giving me advice was very kind; My friend having given the advice went away; The advice given by my friend was very useful; The advice having been given by my friend was taken into consideration).
P2 of transitive verbs has a passive meaning (The chosen ones). P2 of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning and has no independent function unless it belongs to an abject which denotes passing into a new state (a faded photograph).