- •Передмова
- •Загальні рекомендації
- •The infinitive
- •Sentence patterns with the infinitive
- •1.The Infinitive as Subject
- •2. The Infinitive as Predicate
- •3.The Infinitive as Part of the Predicate
- •3.1 The Infinitive as Part of the Simple Verbal Predicate
- •3.2The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate proper
- •3.3 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
- •3.4 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences:
- •3.5 The Infinitive as Part of Mixed Predicates
- •4. The Infinitive as Object
- •4.1.The infinitive used after verbs that take only one object
- •4.3.An infinitive conjunctive phrase as object
- •4.4.The infinitive used after adjectives and adjectivized participles
- •4.5The infinitive used after statives
- •5. The Infinitive as Attribute
- •6.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
- •6.2 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •6.3 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Consequence (Result)
- •6.4.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •6.5.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •6.6 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Exercise 17. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •6.7 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6.8 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •6.9 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Motivation
- •7. The Infinitive as Parenthesis
- •Predicative constructions with the infinitive
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •I want them to win.
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •2.Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions
- •The pattern of a final test on the infinitive
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive
- •3. Copy out the infinitive, define its form and its function.
- •The gerund
- •The main sentence patterns with the gerund
- •1.The Gerund as Subject.
- •2. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Predicate.
- •2.1. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate (the Predicative)
- •2.2. The gerund as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •3. The Gerund as Object
- •3.1. The gerund in the function of a direct object
- •3.2. The Gerund in the function of a prepositional object.
- •3.2.1. After verbs
- •3.2.2. After some phrases
- •4. The gerund as attribute.
- •4.1. After Nouns.
- •4.2. Before Nouns
- •5.The gerund as adverbial modifier.
- •5.2. The gerund as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
- •5.3. The gerund as adverbial modifier of manner
- •5.4. The gerund as adverbial modifier of cause (reason).
- •5.5. The gerund as adverbial modifier of substitution / replacement
- •5.7. The gerund as adverbial modifier of addition
- •5.8. The gerund as adverbial modifier of concession
- •5.9. The gerund as adverbial modifier of condition
- •5.10. The gerund as adverbial modifier of exception (exclusion)
- •5.11. The gerund as adverbial modifier of purpose
- •The gerundial construction (complex)
- •1.The gerundial construction as complex subject.
- •2. The gerundial construction as complex predicative
- •3. The gerundial construction as complex direct object
- •4. The gerundial construction as complex prepositional object
- •5. The gerundial construction as complex attribute
- •6. The gerundial construction as complex adverbial modifier
- •Exercises on all sentence patterns with the gerund
- •Self-correction exercises on the gerund
- •1.Define the form of the gerund in the following sentences;
- •2.Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences:
- •The pattern of a final test on the gerund
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the gerund or the predicative gerundial constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative gerundial constructions, underline them, and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the gerund, define its form and its function.
- •The Participle
- •The present participle (participle I)
- •Syntactical functions of the present participle
- •1.The Present Participle as Attribute.
- •2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •2.1.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •2.2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •2.3.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •2.6.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •2.7.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •2.8.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •3.The Present Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •4.The Present Participle as Parenthesis
- •The past participle (participle II)
- •Syntactical functions of the past participle
- •1.The Past Participle as Attribute
- •2.The Past Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •3.The Past Participle as Part of the Compound Nominal Double Predicate
- •4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •4.1.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •4.2.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •4.3.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •4.4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •4.5.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Predicative constructions with the participle
- •The objective participial construction
- •I saw the children speaking.
- •I found the door locked.
- •The subjective participial construction
- •Absolute constructions Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the participle in the following sentences:
- •2. Define the function of the participle in the following sentences:
- •3.Identify the predicative constructions with the infinitive, gerund and participle. Define their functions.
- •The pattern of a final test on the participle
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative constructions with the Participle. Define their names and functions.
- •2. Copy out the Participles and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the Participles and define their forms:
- •The pattern of a laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •Insert the correct form of the non-finite forms of the verb, if possible.
- •Keys to the laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •References
Predicative constructions with the infinitive
The infinitive is used in predicative constructions of three types:
1.The Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex) /The Accusative with the Infinitive;
2.The Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex) /The Nominative with the Infinitive;
3.The For-to-Infinitive Construction (Complex) /The for-phrase.
These constructions are called predicative because they consist of two parts (nominal + verbal), the verbal part is in the relation of secondary predication to the nominal.
The objective with the infinitive construction
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction consists of two parts: nominal + verbal:
I know the CHILDREN TO BE FROM KYIV.
I want them to win.
Nominal + Verbal
The verbal part of the construction (an infinitive or an infinitive phrase) is in the relation of secondary predication to the nominal part (a noun in the common case or the personal pronoun in the objective case).
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction performs the syntactical function of a complex object.
USAGE:
1.1
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice): I heard him lock the door. I saw John drive off. I heard her open the door and go out. |
NOTE:
1)In this case the only possible form is the non-perfect infinitive in the common aspect, active voice used without the particle “to”: We watched the bus stop.
2)We use the infinitive without to when we see, hear, etc. the whole action from beginning to end: Last week, I went to London and saw England play Brazil in the big football match. (= I saw the whole game)
3)If the verb “to see” is used in the meaning “to realize”, or the verb “to hear” with the meaning “to learn”, the objective with the infinitive construction cannot be used. Here a subordinate clause is used: I saw that he didn’t know anything. (saw=бачив/розумів)I hear you have dropped the idea of leaving him. (hear = чув/дізнався)
Instead, a subordinate object clause is used: He noticed that the girl was unusually pretty.
1.2
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of mental activity (to assume, to believe, to consider, to expect, to know, to suppose, to understand): I consider him to be the best candidate. |
NOTE:
1)Here the infinitive is used in any form, though the non-perfect forms with the particle “to” are the most frequent: I didn’t expect Maria to write to me.
2)It is much more common to use that + the subordinate object clause with the verbs of mental activity (=knowing, thinking, etc): I consider that he is the best candidate. The police believed (that) the Mafia had committed the crime.
3)With “think”, “estimate” and “presume” the objective with the infinitive construction is extremely rare, a that-clause (= a subordinate object clause ) being normally used instead: I think that he is the best player.
4)If the doer of the action denoted by the infinitive is expressed in the subject of the sentence, the corresponding reflexive pronoun is used: He believed himself to be right.
5)We often use the infinitive “to be” in this pattern. We can sometimes leave out “to be”, especially after ”believe”, “consider” and “find”: We consider ourselves (to be) a separate nation.
6)We can use “there” as the nominal part of the construction: We understood there to be money available.
1.3
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of wanting and liking: want, wish, (would) like, (would) love, (would) prefer, (would) hate, can’t bear, etc: I want everyone to enjoy themselves. I’d like you to hold the door open for me. She hated her son to be separated from her. |
NOTE:
1)Here non-perfect common aspect forms of the infinitive with the particle “to” are used.
2)With most of these verbs we cannot use a subordinate clause (WRONG: I want that everyone enjoys themselves.)
3)We can use “there” as the nominal part of the construction: We’d prefer there to be an adult in charge.
4)After “like”, “love”, “prefer” and “hate” we can use it when/if + a subordinate clause: I hate it when you ignore me. My aunt would love it if we took her out for a drive.
1.4
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of declaring (to announce, to declare, to pronounce): He reported the boat to have been seen not far away. The judges announced the result to be a draw. |
NOTE:
1)The infinitives with the particle “to” are used in this pattern.
2)We often use the infinitive “to be” in this pattern: We can sometimes leave out “to be”, especially after “declare”: The country declared itself (to be) independent.
3)After the verbs of declaring we can use a subordinate object clause.
1. 5
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of inducement (to have, to let, to make, to get) of which the first three take the infinitive without “to”: She made me obey her. I can’t get him to do it properly. |
NOTE:
1)The infinitive/infinitive phrase after “let” is sometimes dropped to avoid repetition: She wants to go out to work but he won’t let her. (go out to work)
2)The infinitive/infinitive phrase after “make”(in the Active Voice) is sometimes dropped to avoid repetition: Why did you tell him? – He made me (tell him)!
1.6
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is used after certain verbs requiring a prepositional object: to count (up)on, to rely (up)on, to look for, to listen to: I rely on you to come in time. Can’t I count upon you to help me? |
NOTE:
After the verb “to listen to” the infinitive is used without the particle “to”: He was listening attentively to the chairman speak.
Exercise 20. Define the Objective with the Infinitive Construction:
1.He only wished you to be near him. 2.I don’t want him to be punished. 3.I like him to sing. 4.He declared himself to be an enemy. 5.I knew him to be a very brave man. 6.I saw him cross the road. 7.Don’t let that glass slip. 8.He made us wait outside. 9.I want it to stay on my desk. 10.I want you to give me this book. 11.Did you hear the dog bark? 12.Did you feel the floor shake? 13.I heard him mention my name. 14.They do not expect the President to cut taxes as he promised. 15.They found the experience of this conference to have been remarkable one. 16.We want this collection of papers to interrelate theory and practice.
Exercise. 21. Use the Objective with the Infinitive Construction instead of subordinate clauses:
Pattern: She watched how he went away. - She watched him go away.
1.She felt that her hands trembled. 2.I’ve never heard how he spoke about his life in India. 3.He saw that the secretary came in. 4.I don’t think that these people were very intelligent. 5.The two sides expect that negotiations will be long and difficult. 6.The people of the world consider that their leaders are able to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. 7.One can hardly expect that a true scientist will keep within the limits of some narrow field.