- •Velocity-distribution data of a gas of rubidium atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, the Bose–Einstein condensate
- •The National State Tax Service University of Ukraine
- •In the structure of the University Kyiv financial and economic college operates for training junior specialists.
- •Infotech
- •How Removable Storage Works
- •In the following sections, we will take an in-depth look at each of these technologies.
- •In the illustration above, you can see how the disk is divided into tracks (brown) and sectors (yellow).
- •Word processor
- •Word processing
- •The Central Processing Unit
- •Computer
- •Definition of a Network
- •Computer programming
- •Computer programming
- •Technology
- •The Centripetal City: Telecommunications, the Internet, and the Shaping of the Modern Urban Environment
- •1. On the Radar Scope
- •4.Whirlwind
- •7.The First Link
- •10.Request for Proposals
- •12.Logging In
- •13.@ Work
- •14.The Big Demo
- •15.Surfing the Net
- •18.Xerox parc
- •19.Computer Communication Compatibility
- •20.Sun Rises
- •21.Success from Failure
- •23.Adult Supervision
- •24.Wiring the World
- •25.Electronic Meeting Places
- •26.Online Services
- •27.The well
- •29.A Human Face
- •30.Open for Business
- •32.A Bigger Pipe
- •Test your knowledge of Internet stuff!
- •Test your knowledge of Internet stuff!
26.Online Services
Founded several years before 1980, the Compuserve online service really took off in the early 1980s. They didn't supply access to the Internet yet, but they did give subscribers the opportunity to send email and exchange files with other people across the country and eventually around the world. Compuserve operated a computer center in Columbus, Ohio, but they set up local modem pools in large population centers making it easy for subscribers to dial-in from anywhere. Subscribers could also use access numbers provided by TELENET or TYMNET if Compuserve didnt provide a local phone number for their town.
When people connected to Compuserve in the early 1980s they didn't have the graphic interface taken for granted on the Web today. Instead, subscribers needed to use commands and key sequences to perform the simplest functions. Even with its difficult interface, people joined by the tens of thousands. Other entrepreneurs took notice and decided to join the business, including Delphi, Genie (from GTE), BIX (from BYTE magazine), and later America Online.
Prodigy the first large commercial service to add a graphic interface to the bulletin board system. Using a Macintosh or Windows computer, subscribers could click on icons instead of typing archaic commands.
27.The well
Some of the community bulletin board systems lived on and prospered. One of the most famous is the WELL, created by Stewart Brand in 1985 using a personal computer on his houseboat in Sasalito, California. He claims that he created the bulletin board system as a virtual commune so he could experience the lifestyle without having to move into a real commune.
On the WELL, members could create and host their own topical discussion boards, and the most popular one was devoted to the Grateful Dead, the Deadhead conference. One of the Sysops for the WELL was John Perry Barlow, who was also a lyricists for the Dead and a friend with band member Bob Weir since they met at a boarding school in Colorado.
People from all across the country called in to the bulletin board to join the online community. It was a successful experiment and was copied by other bulletin board systems. Using the WELL and the Internet, Brand and Barlow are now cyberspace activitists and are founding members of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
28.Spinning the Web
In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, a computer programmer at CERN in Switzerland, began working on a way to provide access to research materials to everyone over the network. CERN had an international mix of researchers and a diverse collection of computers and operating systems. Reformating documents for each computer platform every time their content changed would require too much time and money.
While Berners-Lee was grappling with this problem, Mike Sendall, a fellow computer programmer at CERN, purchased a new NeXT workstation for evaluation. When he decided not to use it, he offered it to Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee was impressed with the NeXT cube's object-oriented operating system and it gave him an idea for a solution to the problem of distribution.
During the next year Berners-Lee worked on a system including a server to store documents and a client to request documents from the server. He finished the first working "browser" and server in 1991, but it was very primitive and displayed only text. At the time, all Berners-Lee wanted was a way for researchers to access text-based documents - nothing more. Others wanted more.