Stages of formation of Listening Comprehension:

Stage One – preparatory ex-ses. Aim – to remove linguistic and psychological difficulties before the presentation of an audiotext, so that the listener could concentrate his attention on comprehending the content.

For example:

listen to a pair of words and say what sounds are the same in them;
try to recognize a new word among the familiar ones (clap your hands…);
name nouns which are most often used with the following adjective.
Define the function of a word (is it a verb, noun or adj).

Stage Two – speech ex-ses. Aim: to develop skills of comprehension of speech under conditions similar to natural ones. These ex-se teach pupils to divide an audiotext into parts, to state the main idea of a text, to extract new information from the text. speech ex-ses are subdivided into ex-ses in auding a) a dialogue and

b) a monologue.

Ways of checking up understanding

You can control LC:

Orally and in writing;
In the mother tongue or in the target language if the pupils’ level of mastering the target language is enough to convey the information;
Extralinguistic and linguistic ways - draw, underline, perform an action. Pupils are supposed to know the requirements to auding a particular text (e.G. The number of details).

Multiple choice tests (choose the correct answer out of 3-4);
Fill in the blanks in the graphic variant;
Answer the questions;
Choose a suitable picture;
A discussion in the mother tongue;
Underline the correct answer (or raise your hand when…);
Make up an outline of the story;
Perform an action;
Retell the text according to the plan/ key-words;
Put the pictures in the logical order, described in the story;
Colour the picture according to the content of the text;
Draw a picture of…

Lecture 10

Teaching Speaking

Plan

1.Characteristics of Speaking as a language activity and its interrelation with other language activities.

2.Notion of a prepared and impromptu speech and their correlation in TFL at school.

3.Basic forms of oral speech: which of them to teach first.

4.Notion of a speech situation, kinds of situations and ways of building them up.

Speaking is an expression of one’s thoughts aimed at solving communication tasks.

Communication in general is aimed at solving tasks connected with human relations, at changing them.

C ommunication

speaking

gestures movements facial poses social contacts

expression (buying tickets,

paying money)

Speaking as a language activity (LA) has the following specific features:

Motivation which is based on a speaker’s need of communication; it is always motivated;
Active character, i.e. Sp. reveals the speaker’s attitude to reality;
Purposefulness, i.e. each utterance has its own communicative task (to persuade, to convince, to talk to, to ask…);
Connection with a man’s activity, i.e. upon the situation;
Connection with the communicative function of thinking;
Connection with the speaker’s personality (each of us is an individual, characterized by a unique combination of abilities, peculiarities, character, and it can’t but reveal itself in speech);
Situational character, i.e. coordination of speech units with the basic components of the process of communication (time, place, interlocutor, relationships);
Heuristic character (эвристический): one can’t operate only with cliché, set phrases. An utterance is often unpredictable;
Independent process: speaking is independent of what has been read, of the mother-tongue, of props;
Normal tempo.
Integrated character, i.e. synthesis of speech habits, life experience, emotions of speakers.

A skill is the optimal level of perfection (improvement, development) of a certain activity. A skill differs from a habit in the fact that it enables a speaker to conduct an activity, not a single act.

c onnected with situational independent