Contents
Chapter I. LAW WORLDWIDE
Unit 1, The Need For Law 4
Unit 2, The First Laws: Laws of Babylon 8
Unit 3. The First Laws: Ancient Greece and Rome 12
Unit 4, The Foundation of British Law: The Magna Carta .... 15 Unit 5. The Foundation of British Law: Habeas Corpus Act , . . 19
Unit 6. The Foundation of British Law:
The Petition of Rights and the Bill of Right 21
Unit 7. The European Law of the lSth Century:
Napoleon's Code 25
Chapter II. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
Unit 1. The Study of Crime 30
Unit 2, Crimes and Criminals 36
Unit 3. The Causes of Crime 39
Unit 4. Punishment 43
Unit 5. The Purpose of State Punishment 48
Unit 6. Treatment of Criminals . . . 49
Unit 7. Capital Punishment: History 55
Unit 8. Capital Punishment: For and Against . 60
Chapter III. LAW ENFORCEMENT
Unit 1. The History of Police Forces 68
Unit 2. The Organisation of Police Forces 71
Unit 3. Police Powers 77
Unit 4. Police and the Public 87
Unit 5. Scotland Yard 96
Unit 6. Police Techniques 101
VIII Contents
C
hapter
IV. FAIR TRIAL: THE JURY
Unit 1. Origins of the Jury 108
Unit 2. Jury Duty 112
Unit 3. Selection of the Trial Jury 118
Unit 4. In the Courtroom 124
Unit 5, Kinds of Cases 130
Unit 6. Steps of the Trial 137
Unit 7. The Value of Juries 143
Chapter V, IMPRISONMENT: RETRIBUTION
OR REHABILITATION?
Unit 1, Penal and Correctional Institutions
throughout History 152
Unit 2. Prison Population 160
Unit 3. Prison Life 165
Unit 4. Alternatives to Prison 172
Unit 5. Rehabilitation ', 178
READER
Part I. Famous Legal Documents throughout History 186
1. Hammurabi's Code of Laws (1758 B,C) 186
t. The Laws ol William the Conqueror (1066—1087) ■ ■ ■ ■ 188
The Magna Carta (1215) 189
The Petition of Right (1628) 195
The English Bill of Rights (1689) 199
The U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) 204
The U.S. Bill of Rights {1791) 207
European Prison Rules £1990s) 208
Part H. Philosophers of Law . . . ; 215
Part III. Notorious Criminals : . 220
Part IV. Famous Detectives 231
Part V. The Stupidest Criminals 234
"Let reverence for the law ... be taught in schools. Let it be written in primers, spelling books, almanacs. Let it be preached from the pulpit, proclaimed from the legislative halls and enforced in courts of justice. In short, let it become the political religion of the nation and let the old and the young, the rich and the poor, of all sexes and tongues and colours and conditions sacrifice unceasingly upon its altars."
Abraham Lincoln
Предисловие
"Just English. Английский для юристов. Базовый курс" —
это новое, улучшенное и дополненное издание из серии учебников "Just English".
Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов юридических вузов и факультетов и рассчитано на широкую аудиторию специалистов, изучающих английский язык в связи с правовой специальностью.
В учебник включены современные аутентичные профессионально ориентированные материалы из правовых и общественно-политических источников Великобритании и США, обработанные и адаптированные для студентов юридического профиля.
Уникальность данного пособия заключается в том, что оно снабжено аудиокассетой Just English — 2QOQ, содержащей записи наиболее значимых текстов, начитанные носителями языка (Великобритания). В настоящее время это единственное учебное пособие для студентов-юристов, снабженное аудиозаписью.
В соответствии с требованиями учебных программ юридических вузов учебное пособие строится по принципам комплексности и интенсивности с применением новейших материалов, средств ш методов преподавания. Комплексный подход и междисциплинарные связи позволяют учитывать степень знакомства с обсуждаемой проблематикой на родном языке. Интенсивность достигается за счет предоставления разнообразных текстов и заданий различного объема и степени сложности в пределах одного раздела (Unit). Современные методы дают возможность последовательно провести студентов ло разделам специальной лексики, сформировать основные навыки работы с литературой по специальности и использовать полученные знания для беседы и дискуссии на изученные темы.
Пособие позволяет обучать студентов с различным уровнем знаний и обеспечивает широкие возможности аудиторной и самостоятельной работы. Правовая лексика вводится тематически, закрепляется в разнообразных упражнениях ш нахо-дкт свое применение в дискуссиях к ролевых играх.
X Предисловие
У
чебник
состоит из пяти глав и хрестоматии.
• В первой главе обсуждаются общие проблемы права и дается исторический обзор правовых систем.
♦ Во второй главе детально рассматриваются вопросы криминологии и криминалистики,
Третья глава посвящена правоохранительным органам и их функционированию.
В четвертой главе анализируются стадии и методы су дебного разбирательства на примере суда присяжных.
Пятая глава рассматривает проблемы исправительных учреждений.
• Хрестоматия содержит обширный материал для до полнительного изучения, включающий выдержки из оригина- лов правовых документов, биографии великих философов пра- ваг и другие материалы. В главах содержатся увлекательные рубрики "ft15 interesting to know" и "Just for fun".
Материалы данного учебного пособия прошли апробацию на занятиях со студентами различных групп и уровней юридического факультета МГУ им, М. В. Ломоносова. Учебное пособие принято в качестве основного и включено в учебный план на юридическом факультете МГУ им, Ломоносова, в Высшей школе экономики, во Всероссийском институте государства и права, в филиале Тюменского государственного университета (г. Нижневартовск), а также во многих других высших учебных заведениях Москвы и России. По запросам учебных учреждений из Москвы и регионов организуются мастер-классы yi методические семинары по работе с данным учебным пособием.
Авторами создан сайт Just English
(http://www.law.msu.su/engHsh/home_r,htm) в сети Интернет на сервере юридического факультета МГУ, где размещены материалы из серии учебных пособий "Just English", содержатся источники полезной учебной и страноведческой информации для студентов гуманитарных специальностей и происходит интерактивное общение широкой студенческой аудитории с профессорско-преподавательским составом МГУ.
Г. Н. Шишкина
Chapter I LAW WORLDWIDE
Just English. Английский для юристов
U
NIT
1, THE NEED FOR LAW
B
BAINSTO8M
Rules, laws, regulations, law codes
Lawgivers, legislators
* Civil law, criminal law
• Government
What is your understanding of these words? Give examples.
J
L
aw
and
Society
Mr. Jones, having murdered his wife, was burying her in the garden one night, when his neighbour, hearing the noise, asked him what he was doing.
"Just burying the cat," said Mr. Jones.
uFunny sort of time to bury a cat," said the neighbour,
"Funny sort of cat," said Mr, Jones,
Now it is obvious to everyone that, in a community such as the one in which we live, some kind of law is necessary to try to prevent people like Mr. Jones from killing their wives. When the world was at a very primitive stage> there was no such law, and, if a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband, that was their own business and no one interfered officially.
But, for a very long time now, members of every community have made laws for themselves in self-protection. Otherwise it would have meant that the stronger man could have done what he liked with the weaker, and bad men could have joined together and terrorized the whole neighbourhood:
If it were not far the law, you could not go out in broad dayLight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. There are far, far more good people in the world than bad, but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interests of everyone.
There is no difficulty in understanding this but it is just as important to understand that law is not necessary just because
Chapter I. Law Worldwide
t
here
are bad people in the world. If we were all as good as we ought
to be, laws would still be necessary. If we never told lies, never
took anything that didn't belong to us, never omitted to do
anything that we ought to do and never did anything that we ought
not to do, we should still require a set of rules of behaviour, in
other words laws, to enable us to live in any kind of satisfactory
state.
How is one good man in a motor-car to pass another good man also in a motor-car coming in the opposite direction, unless there is some rule of the road? People sometimes hover in front of one another when they are walking on the pavement before they can pass, and they may even collide, Not much harm is done then, but, if two good men in motor-cars going in the opposite directions hover in front of one another, not knowing which side to pass, the result will probably be that there will be two good men less in the world.
So you can see that there must be laws, however good we may be. Unfortunately, however, we are none of us always good and some of us are bad, or at any rate have our bad moments, and so the law has to provide for all kinds of possibilities. Suppose you went to a greengrocer and bought some potatoes and found on your return home that they were mouldy or even that some of them were stones* What could you do i! there were no laws on the subject? In the absence of law you could only rely upon the law of the jungle. You could go back to the shop, demand proper potatoes and hit the shopkeeper on the nose if he refused to give them to you. You might then look round the shop to try to find some decent potatoes. While you were doing this, the shopkeeper might hit you on the back of the neck with a pound weight. Altogether not a very satisfactory morning shopping,
Or you might pay your money to go to see a film at a cinema. You might go inside, sit down and wait When the cinema was full, there might be flashed on the screen: "You've had it, Chums". And that might be the whole of the entertainment. К there were no law, the manager could1 safely remain on the premises and, as you went out, smile at you and say: "Hope
Just English. Английский для юристов
y
ou've
enjoyed the show, sir." That is to say, he could do this safely
if he were bigger than you or had a well-armed bodyguard. Every
country tries, therefore, to provide laws which wilL help
its people to live safely and as comfortably as possible. This is
not at all an easy thing to do, and no country has been successful
in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory. But we
are far better off with the imperfect laws which we have, than if
we had none at all.
TASK 1. Work in groups. Find in the text law-related words and expressions. Compare your lists with those of the other students. In your opinion, which of the items are legal terms? Consult a legal dictionary.
TASK 2, Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
самозащита
телохранитель
общество
правила поведения
закон джунглей
несовершенные законы
при свете дня
причинять вред
предусмотреть все возможности
полагаться на кого-либо
требовать
TASKS. Translate the following passage into English paying special attention to the link words and expressions in bold type:
Очевидно, что закон необходим в интересах всего общества.
Иначе людям пришлось бы жить по закону джунглей.
К сожалению, создать совершенные законы не просто.
Следовательно, каждое сообщество пытается установить свои собственные правила поведения.
Однако закон не может удовлетворить всех.
В любом случае, несовершенные законы лучше беззакония.
C
hapter
I. Law Worldwide
T
ASK
4. Make your own chain of arguments with the link words and
expressions listed in Task 3,
using
the following keywords:
to prevent from
self-protection
to demand smth.
to rely upon smb./smth.
successful
to provide for
to require
to suppose
TASK 5. Which parts of the text correspond to the following headings? Put them in a logical order:
D considering possibilities
historical background
conclusion
□ examples D joke
D
ISCUSSION
Use the structural pattern built up in Task 5 to make a speech on one of the following topics:
Laws haven't changed since primeval times.
However hard people try, laws are always insufficient.
Laws are not for ordinary people, they are for lawyers.
All laws are situationaL They suit only a particular place at a particular time.
There is some eternal law. It is good for all times and places.
g
Just
English.
Английский
для юристов
J
ust
for Fun
When asked to explain the difference between ал ordinary citizen and a lawyer, a well-known barrister explained, "If an ordinary citizen gave you an orange, he would say, "I give you this orange" But if a lawyer gave you an orange, he would say, "I hereby give, grant and convey to you all my interest, right, title and claim of and in this orange, together with all its rind, skin, juice and pulp, and all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, cut, suckt or otherwise eat or consume the said orange, or give away or dispose of to any third party the said orange> with or without its rind, skin, juice and pulp, subject to any amendments subsequently introduced or drawn up to this agreement"
U
NIT
2. THE FIRST LAWS: LAWS OF BABYLON