- •1. Cultural background: From Primitive to Ancient Times.
- •2. Cultural background: The Age of Feudalism First Half (Kamakura, Muromachi and Azuchi Momoyama Periods)
- •3. Culture Background: The Age of Feudalism The Latter Half (Azuchi Momoyama, Edo)
- •4. Cultural Background: The Modern Age (Meiji, Taisho and Showa Periods)
- •5. Jeography of Japan: The Land and its description, climate.
- •6. Geography of Japan: Agriculture and Natural Resourses.
- •7. Diversity and Change of Japanese Society.
- •8. The Group and the Individual: what is the difference?
- •9. The Role of Woman in Japanese Society.
- •10. The Political Heritage
- •11. Japanese Government: Organs of Government in Japan.
- •12. Japanese Government: The Constitution of Japan.
- •13. Japanese Government: The Emperor and the National Diet, their functions.
- •14. Japanese Government: The procedure of Elections.
- •15. Japanese Government: Transfer of Political Power.
- •16. Japanese Government: The Cabinet.
- •17. Japanese Government: The Law Courts.
- •18. The History of the Japanese Economy (the premodern Background, the prewar Economy, the postwar Economy).
- •20. Banking and finance. The Appreciation of the Yen, Japanese Yen, Dollar, Euro: similarities and differences.
- •21. The Japanese Economy: Foreign Trade.
- •22. The Japanese Economy: Transport and communications in Japan.
- •23. Japan: a Well-Educated Society, History of Japanese Education.
- •24. Education in Japan: The “Nesting” of Children. Different stages of Japanese education. Costs and benefits of the system.
- •25. Textbook authorization system
- •26. Strict School Rules
- •Elementary School
- •Lower-Secondary School
- •Special Education
- •Upper-Secondary School
- •After-School Education
- •28. Festivals New Year (正月 Shōgatsu)?)
- •Doll Festival (雛祭り?) Date: March 3
- •29. Japanese Sports: Soccer, Baseball, Sumo Wrestling, Tennis, Judo, Karate, Kendo, Kyudo.
- •30.Different kinds of religion in Japan (Buddhism, Shintoism, belief in Jizo, Shugendo).
- •31. Language and Literature: The Japanese Language, Early Literature, Heian Literature.
- •32. Language and Literature: Medieval Literature, Tokugawa Literature, Modern Literature.
- •33. Japanese Art: Pictorial art before 1600.
- •34. Japanese Art: Pictorial art from 1600.
- •35. Japanese Art: Sculpture.
- •36. Decorative Arts
- •37. Japanese Art: Dance.
- •38. Japanese Art: Music.
- •39. Theater.
- •40. Foods of the japanese
13. Japanese Government: The Emperor and the National Diet, their functions.
The political power in Japan is divided among three branches of government. The legislative power resides in the Diet (орган законодательной власти, национальный парламент), the executive power in the Cabinet (орган законодательной власти, национальный парламент), and the judicial power in the courts. The Diet selects the Prime Minister, who is the head of the Cabinet. The Cabinet selects the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and citizens eligible to vote choose Diet members in an election.
The Emperor of Japan is, according to the 1947 Constitution of Japan adopted by the Postwar Japanese government, "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people," which simultaneously dissolved the Empire of Japan. He is a ceremonial figurehead under a form of constitutional monarchy and is head of the Japanese Imperial Family with functions as head of state. He is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion[1]. In his dual role as head of a religion and head of state the Emperor resembles the British monarch, who is "supreme governor" of the Church of England.
The Emperor is called the Tennō (天皇) in Japanese, literally meaning "heavenly sovereign". He is also referred to in English as the Mikado (帝) of Japan.
The role of the Emperor of Japan has historically alternated between a largely ceremonial and symbolic role and that of an actual imperial ruler.
Unlike most constitutional monarchies, the Emperor is not even the nominal chief executive explicitly in the Constitution of Japan, but has duties "in matters of state", which are closely regulated. The constitution states that the Emperor "shall perform only such acts in matters of state as are provided for in the Constitution and he shall not have powers related to government" (article 4) and that the "advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state" (article 3). Article 4 also states that these duties can be delegated by the Emperor as provided for by law. Article 65 explicitly vests the executive power in the Cabinet, of which the Prime Minister is the leader.
The other detailed regulation of the Emperor's duties is laid down in article 7 of the constitution, where it is stated that the "Emperor with the advice and approval of the Cabinet, shall perform the following acts in matters of state on behalf of the people:
Promulgation of amendments of the constitution, laws, cabinet orders and treaties.
Convocation of the Diet.
Dissolution of the House of Representatives.
Proclamation of general election of members of the Diet.
Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law, and of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers.
Attestation of general and special amnesty, commutation of punishment, reprieve, and restoration of rights.
Awarding of honors.
Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law.
Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers.
Performance of ceremonial functions."
The National Diet
The National Diet is Japan's sole legislative body (единоличный законодательный орган) and is made up of the House of Representatives (the Lower House) and the House of Councilors (the Upper House). The are 480 members of the Lower House and 252 members of the Upper House. The proportion of female representation in the Diet was reported in 2000 as being 10.7%, which when compared with other democracies, ranks lower in the world. It is quite easy to see that men run the politics in Japan.
In 1993, during the time of the Hosokawa Cabinet, a woman, Takako Doi, was elected as the Speaker of the House of Representatives and women were appointed as government ministers. The role of women in Japanese politics began to make a strong impact. It is believed that the numbers of female Diet members will continue to increase in the future