Unit 12 Child Abuse

Grammar

Passive Voice: Perfect Tenses

В страдательном залоге (Passives) времена группы Perfect сохраняют свои значения, то есть соотнесенность с ситуациями определенных типов, но указывают на то, что подлежащее предложения называет объект, а не субъект действия.

Для построения предложения в страдательном залоге во временах этой группы используется глагол to have (в соответствующей временной форме) + Particple II. Рассмотрим следующие примеры:

Present Perfect Passive: Three clients have been visited by the social worker at their homes today.

Past Perfect Passive: Before the patient was discharged from the hospital, an assessment of the patient’s disability had been made.

Future Perfect Passive: Family group sessions will have been completed by 2.30.

Task 1. Change the sentences into Present Perfect Passive according to the given pattern:

They have brought up the child very well. – The child has been brought up very well.

1. They have conducted numerous clinical trials for the assessment of the effectiveness of this medication.

2. They have just discharged this patient.

3. They have arranged follow-up home nursing care for him.

4. The social worker has helped him to get back on track after taking drugs.

5. The social worker has performed an addiction assessment to figure out the severity of the addiction.

6. They have just developed new guidelines for developing care plans for people with drug problems.

7. The social worker has arranged for the addict enrollment into the addiction treatment group.

8. Following addiction treatment group therapy sessions, the social worker has observed some changes in the drug addict’s behavior.

9. Once a psychologist has diagnosed depression, he can aid in the treatment process as well.

10. The local authorities have delivered a wide range of homeless services across the country to provide living arrangement for the homeless.

11. The doctor has prescribed this medication as a part of treatment for drug addiction.

12. An addiction social worker has just counseled a teenage drug abuser.

Task 2. Respond to the sentences with a negative Present Perfect Passive and either. Use the given suggestions:

I haven’t found Fred anywhere. (Mike) Mike hasn’t been found either.

1. I have never counseled this client. (that client)

2. The social worker hasn’t provided the therapist with updated information. (psychologist)

3. The participant of the conference has not done a poster presentation (oral presentation)

4. This client hasn’t developed physical dependence on a drug (psychological dependence)

5. This active addict hasn’t sought a social worker’s help. (support)

6. The social worker hasn’t assessed the exact nature of the problem yet. (the extent of the problem)

7. The social worker hasn’t questioned family members of the drug abuser yet. (his co-workers)

8. The social worker assistant has not gathered the information about the client’s social background (information about the client’s current living arrangements as well as his criminal history)

9. I haven’t made a report on the effects of drug addiction. (slide presentation)

10. His taking drugs over a short period of time hasn’t affected the brain function. (brain behavior)

11. The client hasn’t missed any of the scheduled family group therapy sessions. (one-on-one therapy sessions with a counselor)

12. The psychotherapist has not emphasized the family as a means of recovery for drug abusers. (drug rehabilitation program)

13. He has not taken these pills. (the syrup)

Task 3. Change the sentences into Past Perfect Passive according to the pattern:

The students couldn’t enter the classroom as the lecturer had locked it. The students couldn’t enter the classroom as it had been locked by the lecturer.

1. The social worker couldn’t provide the client with aftercare as the client hadn’t completed an outpatient recovery program.

2. The student couldn’t speak about it as he hadn’t done his home assignments.

3. The social worker couldn’t develop a care plan for the drug abuser as he hadn’t outlined the main goals.

4. The social workers couldn’t assist individuals who have developed drug dependencies as they hadn’t sought social or medical help.

5. The psychotherapist couldn’t start the treatment as he had not identified the sources of drug addiction.

6. The psychotherapist couldn’t devise a plan to treat the addiction as he had not addressed the contributing factors.

7. The drug addict couldn’t stay on track with the recovery as he had not received a proper drug addiction treatment.

8. He couldn’t cope with his drug craving as he had missed all treatment sessions.

9. The psychologist couldn’t know the client’ personal details as they had lost his records.

Task 4. Change the sentences into Past Perfect Passive according to the given pattern:

I found out that his GP had referred him to a psychologist. I found out that he had been referred to a psychologist by his GP.

1. The social worker found out that a mental health disorder, such as depression, had caused the client’s compulsion to use drugs.

2. I found out that I had left my notebook with patients’ records at home.

3. His parents found out that their son had missed a lot of lectures.

4. His GP found out that they had diagnosed him as having mental disorder.

5. The client’s family found out that the psychotherapist had prescribed him medication-assisted treatment in combination with counseling and behavioral therapy.

6. I found out that he had resumed using addicting drugs.

7. I found out that the doctors had prevented a relapse.

8. The doctor found out that they had diagnosed the patient as HIV-positive.

9. Mother found out that the doctors had prescribed withdrawal (detoxication) therapy for her drug addicted son.

10. The family members found out that the psychotherapist had prescribed the client a withdrawal therapy on an outpatient basis.

Reading and Speech Practice

Child Abuse

Child abuse includes the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negative treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care. Child abuse is viewed as a social problem resulting from a variety of causes. Many abusive parents were themselves mistreated as children. Such parents tend to use the harsh physical discipline that they saw their own parents using. Many abusive parents have little patience with their children. Often they have unrealistic expectations for them.

Children suffering abuse develop a range of maladaptive, anti-social and self-destructive behaviors and thoughts by trying to cope with the abuse - by trying to understand the situation and why the abuse is happening. By coming up with ideas about what they did to cause the abuse and what they can do differently to avoid the abuse, children also develop a range of maladaptive behaviors which can become pathological problems.

In addition to distorting children's thoughts, abuse also forces children into a position of having to "hide the family secret". This prevents children from having real relationships and has life-long effects. And because our ability to form healthy social relationships is learned, abused children are deprived of many skills necessary to navigate the social world. Their entire concept of a relationship is distorted. This leads to problematic relationships in life and even on the job.

Another disturbing aspect of abuse is the experiential restraint it puts on children. If a child fears doing anything new because of the chance that it will lead to a violent attack or because an abusive parent keeps extremely tight control over them, the child will lose his or her sense of curiosity and wonder at the world and will stop trying new things and exercising his or her mind. That child will never achieve his or her intellectual potential.

Another aspect of abuse which cannot be ignored is the physical stress it puts on a child. Multiple exposures to violence and trauma cause what's known as autonomic and endocrine hyperarousal. When a person experiences this hyperarousal over and over again, there are permanent physiological changes. These changes can be seen as over-reactions to stimuli, as in being easily startled especially by things that remind the victim of the original event; generally being emotionally numb; craving high-risk, stimulating, or dangerous experiences or self-injury; difficulties in attention and concentration; cardiovascular problems; and immune suppression which leads to a higher risk for colds and more severe illnesses.

There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and child sexual abuse.

Child abuse may have numerous effects such as academic difficulties; aggressive behavior; alcohol and/or other drug abuse; anxiety; attention problems; bad dreams; bed wetting; behavior problems; chronic pain; compulsive sexual behaviors; concentration problems; dangerous behavior such as speeding; Dehydration; depression; eating disorders; fear or shyness; frequent injuries; insomnia; learning problems; lying; social withdrawal; stealing; suicide attempts; thumb-sucking or any age-inappropriate behavior.

Victims of childhood abuse seek therapy for a number of reasons, but rarely just because of the history of abuse. It is important to help the client deal with the abuse as well as the psychological problems they report. Counseling in the form of individual and possibly group therapy can take two years or longer. The goal of undoing life-long damage can be very difficult because the damage pervades every aspect of the client, and because there may be physiological changes to the client that can't just be "counseled" away. Medication can be useful for the symptoms of depression, anxiety and other symptoms, but should never be dispensed in the absence of counseling for the root of the problem. Later the survivor may need to undergo couples or relationship counseling when he or she heals to the point of finding a long-term relationship. For children, play therapy and family therapy can be helpful.