Учебный год 22-23 / Sarbash-2
.pdf!"#$%&'( )*&+",(-./&' 0"',$/1(-'(2/3,
!
!
!"#$%&'()*&+% * ,-!.'*&+'--!*&)/ (01 0
!*!"'--!*&0 02 0*3!(-'-0#
!
*.+. *%4"%5
!
4&*5&6 7-,8/1&.89 4-*:-; - +"#("* 3*8+89&,#8< '-$#.
!
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
7 *-:"(& ;8*"#" ",.&>&' 8'",(*-''E6 8 %&@+$'-*"+'E6 ")E( *&5$/8*".-'8= +-''E< "('";&'86. C-:"(- '-)8,-'- '- ",'".& 8?$9&'8= 8 ":":>&'8= )*-.")*8%&'8(&/1'"6 )*-#(8#8 -*:8(*-@'E< ,$+". C",,86,#"6
D&+&*-A88.
!
!"60' 3!(!.'-0#
!
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
--------------------------------
<*> 4%., '-)*.: B*-@+-',#"& )*-.": J9&:'8# +/= .$?".. K-,(1 )&*.-= / 2"+ *&+. L.M. M//-*8"'"."6, F.N. B"'5-/", 7.O. 2/&('&.-. N., 1998. 4. 357 - 371 (-.("* 5/-.E B.M. 4(*&/1'8#".-).
<**> 4%.: L-% @&. 4. 329 - 334 (-.("* 5/-.E P.B. 7-/&&.-); B*-@+-',#"& )*-.": J9&:'8#. K-,(1 )&*.-= / 2"+ *&+. O.B. 0-/)8'-, O.M. N-,/=&.-. N.,
1997. 4. 362 - 366 (-.("* 5/-.E O.M. N-,/=&.).
<***> 4%., '-)*.: 4($9#- 2.M. 0$*, ,".&(,#"5" 5*-@+-',#"5" )*-.-.
Q:>-= 9-,(1 5*-@+-',#"5" )*-.-. N., 1929. 4. 299.
!
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
--------------------------------
<*> B$/=&. O.N. C$,,#"& 5*-@+-',#"& )*-.". Q:?"* +&6,(.$3>&5" ?-#"'"+-(&/1,(.-, #-,,-A8"''"6 )*-#(8#8 2*-.8(&/1,(.$3>&5" 4&'-(- 8
2*"(- 5*-@+-',#"5" $/"@&'8=. M?+. 3-&, +"). N., 1912. 4. 257.
!
N'"@&,(.&''",(1 /8A . ":=?-(&/1,(.& #-# #-(&5"*8= ":I(8.'-= )*"=./=&(,= . ,8/$ H("5" ." .,&< )*-.".E< ,8,(&%-<. Q'- )*&+,(-./&'- #-# . *",,86,#"%, (-# 8 . 8'",(*-''"% )*-.&.
7 ,*-.'8(&/1'"-)*-."."% -,)(& %'"@&,(.&''",(1 /8A . &.*")&6,#"% #"'(8'&'(-/1'"% )*-.& . ",'".'"% *&5$/8*$&(,= ,<"@8% ":*-?"%, , '"("*E%8, "+'-#", "(/898=%8, 9(" )"#-?-'" '8@&.
K(" #-,-&(,= -'5/"--%&*8#-',#"5" )*-.-, (" )*8 '-/8988 '"("*"5" ,<"+,(.- . *&5$/8*".-'88 ":'-*$@8.-&(,= 8 "(/898&. 0-# ,.8+&(&/1,(.$3( 8,,/&+".-(&/8 8'",(*-''"5" )*-.-, '&,#"/1#" +"/@'8#". %"5$( ":=?-(1,= ,".%&,('" (joint promisors), )"*"?'1 (several promisors), ,".%&,('" 8 )"*"?'1
(joint and several promisors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join), /8:" #-# *-?+&/1'E& (several). 7 )&*."% ,/$9-& "'8 .E,($)-3( #-# &+8'E6 #*&+8("*, 8 )"H("%$ (*&:".-'8= %"5$( 8,<"+8(1 "( .,&< .%&,(& <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> B*-@+-',#"& 8 ("*5"."& )*-." #-)8(-/8,(89&,#8< 5",$+-*,(. / Q(.. *&+. R.O. 7-,8/1&.. N., 1992. 4. 302 - 303 (-.("* )-*-5*-S- C.T. P-*E;#8'-). 4%. (-#@&: ,(. ,(. 918 - 920 0-/8S"*'86,#"5" 5*-@+-',#"5" $/"@&'8= 1873
5. // 0-/8S"*'86,#"& 5*-@+-',#"& $/"@&'8& 1873 5. 42:., 1892. 4. 201.
!
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
<***>.
--------------------------------
<*> 4%., '-)*.: C8%,#"& 9-,('"& )*-." / 2"+ *&+. M.F. P".8A#"5", M.4.
2&*&(&*,#"5". N., 1994. 4. 263 - 264. <**> 4%.: L-% @&. 4. 264 - 265.
<***> Zimmermann R. The Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Deventer, Boston, Cape Town, 1992. P. 128 - 129. Q
."?'8#'".&'88 8 *-?.8(88 #"**&-/8(&(- )"+*":'&& ,%.: N$*"%A&. 4.O.
B*-@+-',#"& )*-." !*&.'&5" C8%-. N., 2003. 4. 208 - 211; 325 - 327; 500 - 501.
0*8(8#$ +-''"5" +&/&'8= ,%.: F&*'5&S( D., 0"/&* M. B*-@+-',#"& )*-."
B&*%-'88. 42:., 1910. 4. 227 - 230.
!
4",("=.;-=,= . C",,88 '".-= #"+8S8#-A8= 5*-@+-',#"5" ?-#"'"+-(&/1,(.- )*-#(89&,#8 '& 8?%&'8/- )*&@'&5" *&5$/8*".-'8= (?- 8,#/39&'8&% $,(-'"./&'8= )*&?3%8*$&%"6 +8<"("%88 ":=?-(&/1,(. '- ,"/8+-*'E& 8 +"/&.E& - . ?-.8,8%",(8 "( 8< ,.=?8 , )*&+)*8'8%-(&/1,#"6 +&=(&/1'",(13, )*-.8/ " ?-9&(& 8 )*-.& +"/@'8#- 8,)"/'8(1 ":=?-(&/1,(." /3:"%$ 8? #*&+8("*". +" )*&+I=./&'8= # '&%$ (*&:".-'8= "+'"5" 8? '8<). Q,'".'E& )*-.8/- B0 C4D4C (1964 5.) (,(. ,(. 179 - 184) :E/8 ,"<*-'&'E . B0 CD (,(. ,(. 321 - 326).
4"5/-,'" ). 1 ,(. 308 B0 CD . ":=?-(&/1,(.& . #-9&,(.& #-@+"6 8? &5" ,("*"' - #*&+8("*- 8/8 +"/@'8#- - %"5$( $9-,(.".-(1 "+'" 8/8 "+'".*&%&''" '&,#"/1#" /8A. 2*8 H("% '&+&6,(.8(&/1'",(1 (*&:".-'86 #*&+8("*- # "+'"%$ 8? /8A, $9-,(.$3>8< . ":=?-(&/1,(.& '- ,("*"'& +"/@'8#-, *-.'" #-# 8 8,(&9&'8& ,*"#- 8,#"."6 +-.'",(8 )" (*&:".-'83 # (-#"%$ /8A$, ,-%" )"
,&:& '& ?-(*-58.-&( &5" (*&:".-'86 # ",(-/1'E% H(8% /8A-%. 2"+":'"& *&5$/8*".-'8& )*&+)"/-5-/",1 ?-#"'"+-(&/1'" $,(-'".8(1 &>& . B*-@+-',#"% $/"@&'88 C",,86,#"6 M%)&*88, )*"( #"("*"5" )*&+$,%-(*8.-/, 9(" '&+&6,(.8(&/1'",(1 ,"."#$)'"5" ":=?-(&/1,(.- . "('";&'88 "+'"5" 8? +"/@'8#". '& 8%&&( ./8='8= '- &5" +&6,(.8(&/1'",(1 . "('";&'88 ",(-/1'E< +"/@'8#". (,(. 1708), - (-#@& 9(" 8,(&9&'8&, )*8",(-'"./&'8& 8 )&*&*E. +-.'",(8 . "('";&'88 "+'"5" 8? ,"."#$)'E< +"/@'8#". '& 8%&3( ,8/E +/= ",(-/1'E< (,(. 1716). P"("*E& ,".*&%&''E& 5*-@+-',#8& #"+,E 8%&3( '- H("( ,9&( ,<"@&& )"?8(8.'"& $,(-'"./&'8& ('-)*8%&*, ,(. 476 B0 B*$?88).
0-# .&*'" "(%&9-&( N.M. F*-58',#86, ). 1 ,(. 308 B0 CD +&%"',(*8*$&( ,-%",("=(&/1'",(1 ":=?-(&/1,(. )*8 %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A ("/1#" . ,8($-A88, 5+& #*&+8("*$ )*"(8.",("=( ,"+"/@'8#8. Q+'-#" (- @& ,-%",("=(&/1'",(1 "(/89-&( %'"@&,(.&''",(1 /8A 8 '- ,("*"'& #*&+8("*-. C&91 8+&( " ("%, 9(", )" #*-6'&6 %&*&, '&+&6,(.8(&/1'",(1 (*&:".-'86 "+'"5" 8? #*&+8("*". '& ./8=&( ,-%- )" ,&:& '- +&6,(.8(&/1'",(1 (*&:".-'86 ,"#*&+8("*". <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> B*-@+-',#"& )*-." C",,88. Q:>-= 9-,(1: 0$*, /A86 / Q(.. *&+.
Q.P.!4-+8#".. N., 2001. 4. 581.
2*8 H("% ,/&+$&( ?-%&(8(1, 9(" .")*", " ,-%",("=(&/1'",(8 ":=?-(&/1,(. )*8 %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A . "('",8(&/1'"% )*-.""('";&'88 %"@&( ?-.8,&(1 "( *-?'".8+'",(8 %'"@&,(.&''",(8. P-)*8%&*, '&+&/8%",(1 )*&+%&(- ":=?-(&/1,(.- ./&9&( ?- ,":"6 ":I(8.'"& "(/898& *&@8%- ,"/8+-*'",(8 "( *&@8%- ,"/8+-*'",(8, $,(-'"./&''"6 +/= +&/8%"5" )" )*8*"+& ":=?-(&/1,(.-, 9(" :$+&( "(%&9&'" '8@&.
2" '-;&%$ %'&'83, .")*", " %'"@&,(.&''",(8 . ":=?-(&/1,(.& '& 8,9&*)E.-&(,= $#-?-'8&% '- ,"/8+-*'E& 8 +"/&.E& ":=?-(&/1,(.-. 2*-.$ 8?.&,('E, ."-)&*.E<, *-?/89'E& *-?'".8+'",(8 8 (&< 8 +*$58<, ."-.("*E<, 8< ,8'(&?8*".-''E6 (8), ":*-?$3>86 ,-%",("=(&/1'$3 . 8?.&,('"6 ,(&)&'8 *-?'".8+'",(1 %'"@&,(.&''",(8 (,/"@'E& (-,8%%&(*89'E&) ,"/8+-*'"- +"/&.E& ":=?-(&/1,(.-), .-(*&(18<, ,$:,8+8-*'E& ":=?-(&/1,(.- 8, '-#"'&A, .- 9&(.&*(E<, ,".%&,('E& ":=?-(&/1,(.-, 8?.&,('E& '"("*E% 8'",(*-''E% )*-.")"*=+#-%.
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
":=?-(&/1,(.-: ":=?-(&/1,(." )",(-.8(1 ":"*$+".-'8& "+'8% +"/@'8#"% 8 ":=?-(&/1,(." %"'(-@- ":"*$+".-'8= +*$58% +"/@'8#"%. Q+'" /8;1 ":I&+8'&'8& $,/".86 ":=?-(&/1,(.- . &+8'"% +"#$%&'(& (+"5"."*&) %'"@&,(.&''",(8 '& ":*-?$&(.
0/39&.$3 *"/1 . *-?%&@&.-'88 ":=?-(&/1,(. )*8 %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A , ":=?-(&/1,(.-%8 )*8 %'8%"6 %'"@&,(.&''",(8, .8+8%", 85*-&( ")*&+&/&'8& )*&+%&(- ":=?-(&/1,(.-. R,/8 )",/&+'86 =./=&(,= ,",(-.'E%, (.&. '- #-@+"5" +"/@'8#- /"@8(,= ":=?-''",(1 )" 8,)"/'&'83 ,(*"5" 8'+8.8+$-/1'"5" +&6,(.8=, )*&+%&('" "(/89'"5", (" *&91, .8+8%", %"@'"
.&,(8 " %'"@&,(.& ,-%8< ":=?-(&/1,(., - '& &5" ,("*"'.
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
--------------------------------
<*> 4%.: F-*"' U. 48,(&%- *8%,#"5" 5*-@+-',#"5" )*-.-. M?+. 3. 7E). 3. 0'. IV. Q:=?-(&/1,(.&''"& )*-.". 42:., 1910. 4. 100.
<**> B*-@+-',#86 #"+, 0.&:-. N., 1999. 4. 238.
!
Q+'-#" ,"/8+-*'",(1 . 8,)"/'&'88 ":=?-(&/1,(.- %"@&( :E(1 ":*-?".-'- 8 )*8 +&/8%",(8 )*&+%&(- ":=?-(&/1,(.-.
N.M. F*-58',#86, (-#8% ":*-?"%, 8//3,(*8*$&( H($ +8<"("%83. R,/8 *&91 8+&( " %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A '- ,("*"'& +"/@'8#-, .-@'" ")*&+&/8(1, '$@'" /8 #-@+"%$ 8? '8< - ,"+"/@'8#". - .E)"/'=(1 ":=?-(&/1,(." A&/8#"% 8/8 ("/1#" . #-#"6-(" ")*&+&/&''"6 9-,(8. 7 -'-/"589'"6 ,8($-A88 )*8 %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A '- ,("*"'& #*&+8("*- +"/@'" :E(1 $,(-'"./&'",
.)*-.& /8 #-@+E6 . "(+&/1'",(8 ,"#*&+8("* (*&:".-(1 "( +"/@'8#- 8,)"/'&'8= ":=?-(&/1,(.- A&/8#"% 8/8 /8;1 . ")*&+&/&''"6 9-,(8. 7 ?-.8,8%",(8 "( "(.&(- '- )",(-./&''E& .")*",E ?-#"' *-?/89-&( +.- .8+- ":=?-(&/1,(. ," %'"@&,(.&''",(13 /8A: +"/&.E& 8 ,"/8+-*'E& <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> B*-@+-',#"& )*-." C",,88. Q:>-= 9-,(1: 0$*, /A86 / Q(.. *&+. Q.P.!4-+8#".. 4. 602.
4/&+$&( "(/89-(1 "( ":=?-(&/1,(. ," %'"@&,(.&''",(13 /8A 8 ":=?-(&/1,(.-, 5+& )*&+%&( =./=&(,= &+8'E%, '" .E,($)-&( (-#".E% .
*-?/89'E< ":=?-(&/1,(.&''E< "('";&'8=<, '-)*8%&* )*8 ,$:-*&'+&. P&/1?= ,%&;8.-(1 ," %'"@&,(.&''",(13 8 8,)"/'&'8& ":=?-(&/1,(.- (*&(18% /8A"%, *-.'" #-# 8 8,)"/'&'8& (*&(1&%$ /8A$ 8/8 ":=?-(&/1,(.- . )"/1?$ (*&(1&5" /8A-.
2*8%&'8(&/1'" # 8,)"/'&'83 ":=?-(&/1,(.- (*&(1&%$ /8A$ . #-9&,(.& 8//3,(*-A88 %"@'" )*8.&,(8 ,/&+$3>&& 8?./&9&'8& 8? ,$+&:'"5" *&;&'8=,
. #"("*"% )*-.8/1'" $,(-'"./&' S-#( "(,$(,(.8= "('";&'86 ," %'"@&,(.&''",(13 /8A. 7 ,""(.&(,(.88 ," ,(. 322 B0 CD ,"/8+-*'-= ":=?-''",(1 ("(.&(,(.&''",(1) ."?'8#-&(, &,/8 )",/&+'== )*&+$,%"(*&'- +"5"."*"% 8/8 $,(-'"./&'- ?-#"'"%, . 9-,('",(8 )*8 '&+&/8%",(8 )*&+%&(- ":=?-(&/1,(.-.
!"5"."*"% #$)/8-)*"+-@8 ,"/8+-*'-= ":=?-''",(1 ":>&,(.- ((*&(1&5" /8A-) '& )*&+$,%"(*&'-.
V-#"'"% (-#@& '& )*&+$,%"(*&'", 9(" )*8 )&*&+-9& )*"+-.A"% (".-*- (*&(1&%$ /8A$ )" +".&*&''",(8, .E+-''"6 )"#$)-(&/&%, 9(" 8%&/" %&,(" . +-''"% ,/$9-&, $ (*&(1&5" /8A- ."?'8#-3( ,"/8+-*'E& ":=?-(&/1,(.- )" ")/-(& H("5" (".-*- <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> 2",(-'"./&'8& D&+&*-/1'"5" -*:8(*-@'"5" ,$+- !-/1'&.",("9'"5"
"#*$5- "( 02.07.2002 N D03-O51/02-1/1240.
!
P89&5" '& %&'=3( ?+&,1 8 )"/"@&'8= ). 2 ,(. 516 B0 CD, #"("*E6 5/-,8(: &,/8 +"5"."*"% )",(-.#8 )*&+$,%"(*&'", 9(" ")/-(- (".-*". ",$>&,(./=&(,= )"/$9-(&/&% ()/-(&/1>8#"%) 8 )",/&+'86 '&",'".-(&/1'" "(#-?-/,= "( ")/-(E /8:" '& ")/-(8/ (".-*E . $,(-'"./&''E6 +"5"."*"% ,*"#, )",(-.>8#
.)*-.& )"(*&:".-(1 ")/-(E )",(-./&''E< (".-*". "( )"#$)-(&/=. 7")* ";8:"9'"%$ %'&'83 " ("%, 9(" +-''-= ,)&A8-/1'-= '"*%- )*&+$,%-(*8.-&( ,"/8+-*'$3 , )/-(&/1>8#"% "(.&(,(.&''",(1 )"#$)-(&/= ?- '&")/-($ (".-*- <*>, '8 " #-#"6 ,"/8+-*'"6 "(.&(,(.&''",(8 ?+&,1 5"."*8(1 '& )*8<"+8(,= . ,8/$ ,-%"5" "(,$(,(.8= %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A. 2/-(&/1>8# ,("*"'"6 . ":=?-(&/1,(.& '& =./=&(,= <**>.
--------------------------------
<*> 2",(-'"./&'8& D&+&*-/1'"5" -*:8(*-@'"5" ,$+- !-/1'&.",("9'"5" "#*$5- "( 09.04.2002 N D03-O59/02-1/508.
<**> 2",(-'"./&'8& 2*&?8+8$%- 7E,;&5" O*:8(*-@'"5" 4$+- CD "( 06.03.2001 N 8853/99 // 7&,('8# 7E,;&5" O*:8(*-@'"5" 4$+- CD. 2001. N 7.
4. 46.
!
P&":<"+8%" (-#@& )",(-.8(1 "(+&/1'" 8 ,/$9-8 )*&+,(-.8(&/1,(.-, 5+& %'"@&,(.&''",(1 /8A ":*-?$&(,= /8;1 . ("% ,%E,/&, 9(" 8%&3(,= ,("*"'- . ":=?-(&/1,(.& 8 && )*&+,(-.8(&/1. 2",#"/1#$ 8 ,("*"'- . ":=?-(&/1,(.&, 8 && )*&+,(-.8(&/1 =./=3(,= ,$:I(-%8 5*-@+-',#"5" )*-.-, ,"?+-&(,=
.8+8%",(1 $9-,(8= . )*-.""('";&'88 , "+'"6 ,("*"'E '&,#"/1#8< /8A, '- ,-%"% @& +&/& ?+&,1 .".,& '&( '8#-#"6 %'"@&,(.&''",(8, 8:" +&6,(.8= )*&+,(-.8(&/= - ,$(1 +&6,(.8= ,-%"6 ,("*"'E . ":=?-(&/1,(.& (8,#/39&'8=
,",(-.=( ,/$9-8 %'8%"5" )*&+,(-.8(&/1,(.- <*>). 0.2. 2":&+"'",A&. $#-?E.-&(, 9(" (*&:$3>8& - #*&+8("*E %"5$( ,/8(1 ."&+8'" ,."8 (*&:".-'8=, ,.=?-(1 +*$5 +*$5- #-# :E .?-8%'E% +".&*8&%, (-# 9(" #-@+E6 8? '8< =./=&(,= (*&:".-(&/&% ?- ,&:= 8 )*&+,(-.8(&/&% ?- .,&< <**>. G(" ,$@+&'8& '& .)"/'& ("9'", 8:" . ,.&(& ,#-?-''"5" "('";&'86 )" )*&+,(-.8(&/1,(.$ ?+&,1 '& ."?'8#-&(. 0-@+E6 8? #*&+8("*". =./=&(,= $)*-."%"9&''"6 ,("*"'"6 ":=?-(&/1,(.-, - '& )*&+,(-.8(&/&% +*$5"5".
--------------------------------
<*> G(" ,".&*;&''" ",":-= ,8($-A8= (,(. 183 B0 CD), )*8 #"("*"6 )" ,$>&,(.$ %"@'" .&,(8 *&91 '& ,("/1#" " %'"@&,(.&''",(8, ,#"/1#" ": -/1(&*'-(8.& . ,$:I(& ":=?-(&/1,(.-. 7 ?-.8,8%",(8 "( #"'#*&('E< ":,("=(&/1,(. #"'(*-5&'("% =./=&(,= /8:" )*&+,(-./=&%E6, /8:" ,-% )*&+,(-.8(&/1. Q '"("*E< -,)(-< H("6 )*":/&%-(8#8 ,%.: 4-*:-; 4.7. Q5*-'89&'8& )"/'"%"986 "*5-'". 3*8+89&,#8< /8A // W$*'-/ *",,86,#"5" )*-.-. 1998. N 6. 4. 99 - 112.
<**> 2":&+"'",A&. 0.2. 0$*, 5*-@+-',#"5" )*-.-. K-,(1 (*&(1=: !"5"."*E 8 ":=?-(&/1,(.-. N., 2003. 4. 100. L-#8% @& ":*-?"% "' 8%&'".-/ )*&+,(-.8(&/=%8 +*$5 +*$5- 8 +"/@'8#". )*8 8< %'"@&,(.&''",(8 (,%. (-%
@&. 4. 101).
!
P&/1?= $,%"(*&(1 %'"@&,(.&''",(8 8 . ,/$9-=<, #"5+- . ":=?-(&/1,(.& '- "+'"6 8? ,("*"' S85$*8*$&( ,(*$#($*'"& )"+*-?+&/&'8& "*5-'8?-A88 8/8 )$:/89'"-)*-."."5" ":*-?".-'8=, )",#"/1#$ (-#"& )"+*-?+&/&'8& (S8/8-/) '& ":/-+-&( 5*-@+-',#"6 )*-.",$:I('",(13. 4$+&:'-= )*-#(8#- ":",'".-''" "(#-?E.-&(,= . )"+":'E< ,/$9-=< )*8%&'=(1 '"*%E " %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> 4%., '-)*.: 2",(-'"./&'8& D&+&*-/1'"5" -*:8(*-@'"5" ,$+-
V-)-+'"-48:8*,#"5" "#*$5- "( 07.04.2003 N D04/1456-219/O67-2003.
!
4".&*;&''" "9&.8+'" "(,$(,(.8& ,"/8+-*'",(8 (*-.'" #-# 8 ,$:,8+8-*'",(8) . ,/$9-& ":&,)&9&'8= 8,)"/'&'8= ":=?-(&/1,(.- ?-/"5"% 8%$>&,(.- (*&(1&5" /8A- (?-/"5"+-(&/=), (.&. #"5+- +"/@'8# . ",'".'"% ":=?-(&/1,(.& '& ,".)-+-&( . "+'"% /8A& , ?-/"5"+-(&/&%. Q+'-#", '&,%"(*= '- $#-?-''$3 "9&.8+'",(1, '- )*-#(8#& 8'"5+- +")$,#-3(,= ";8:#8, #"("*E&, )*-.+-, 8,)*-./=3(,= .E;&,("=>8%8 8',(-'A8=%8 <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> 4%., '-)*.: 2",(-'"./&'8= D&+&*-/1'"5" -*:8(*-@'"5" ,$+- 4&.&*"-
V-)-+'"5" "#*$5- "( 04.07.2002 N O05-3215/02-166/23 8 "( 18.11.2002 N
O21-4682/02-42; ). 7 Q:?"*- )*-#(8#8 *-?*&;&'8= ,)"*"., ,.=?-''E< , )*8%&'&'8&% -*:8(*-@'E%8 ,$+-%8 '"*% B0 CD " ?-/"5&: 8'S"*%-A8"''"& )8,1%" 7E,;&5" O*:8(*-@'"5" 4$+- CD "( 15.01.1998 N 26 // 7&,('8#
7E,;&5" O*:8(*-@'"5" 4$+- CD. 1998. N 3. 4. 87.
!
Q:=?-(&/1,(.- ," %'"@&,(.&''",(13 /8A )*8'=(" #/-,,8S8A8*".-(1,
*-?+&/== 8< '- (*8 5*$))E, . ?-.8,8%",(8 "( ,"9&(-'8= %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A '- ("6 8/8 8'"6 ,("*"'& ":=?-(&/1,(.- (#*&+8("*- 8/8 +"/@'8#-).
2",#"/1#$ *"/1 +"/@'8#- . ":=?-(&/1,(.& ,."+8(,= # 8,)"/'&'83 8% ,."&6 ":=?-''",(8 (+"/5-), "' *-,,%-(*8.-&(,= . #-9&,(.& )-,,8.'"6 ,("*"'E, - %'"@&,(.&''",(1 +"/@'8#". . ":=?-(&/1,(.& 8%&'$&(,= )-,,8.'"6. 0*&+8("* . ":=?-(&/1,(.& (*&:$&( &5" 8,)"/'&'8=, :$+$98 -#(8.'"6 ,("*"'"6, - %'"@&,(.&''",(1 #*&+8("*". )"H("%$ '-?E.-&(,= -#(8.'"6. R,/8 @& . ":=?-(&/1,(.& "+'".*&%&''" $9-,(.$3( 8 '&,#"/1#" +"/@'8#"., 8 '&,#"/1#" #*&+8("*"., )*8'=(" 5"."*8(1 " ,%&;-''"6 %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> B*-@+-',#"& )*-.". 7 2 (. L. II. 2"/$("% 1 / Q(.. *&+. R.O. 4$<-'".. 2-& 8?+., )&*&*-:. 8 +"). N., 1999. 4. 25. 4/&+$&( ?-%&(8(1, 9(" )"8%&'".-'8& -#(8.'"6 %'"@&,(.&''",(13 8%&''" #*&+8("*,#$3 ,("*"'$ %"@&( .E?E.-(1 ")*&+&/&''E& ,"%'&'8=, 8:" -#(8.'E% ":E9'" ,98(-&(,= =./&'8&, ":/-+-3>&& #-9&,(."% +&=(&/1'",(8, )-,,8.'"&, '-)*"(8., - :&?+&=(&/1'". L-# #-# )" ":>&%$ )*-.8/$ ,".&*;8(1 +&6,(.8& . ":=?-(&/1,(.& ":=?-' +"/@'8#, 8%&''" "' %"@&( 8%&'".-(1,= -#(8.'"6 ,("*"'"6, - #*&+8("*, "@8+-3>86 8,)"/'&'8=, - )-,,8.'"6 ,("*"'"6. Q+'-#", )",#"/1#$ ":*-('-= (&*%8'"/"58= 8%&&( )"+ ,":"6 ")*&+&/&''E& ",'".-'8= (#*&+8("* (*&:$&( - ?'-98(, "' -#(8.'-= ,("*"'-) 8 $@& $,("=/-,1 . 5*-@+-',#"% )*-.&, %E '&
,98(-&% '&":<"+8%E% "(<"+8(1 "( ,/"@8.;&6,= ?+&,1 (*-+8A88.
!
7 +.$,("*"''& ":=?E.-3>8< +"5"."*-< (.?-8%'E<), '-)*8%&* . #$)/&- )*"+-@&, ,%&;-''-= )-,,8.'-= 8 -#(8.'-= %'"@&,(.&''",(1 %"@&( "+'".*&%&''" )*8,$(,(.".-(1 #-# '- "+'"6 ,("*"'&, (-# 8 '- +*$5"6 <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> B*-@+-',#"& )*-.". L. 1 / 2"+ *&+. O.2. 4&*5&&.-, U.0. L"/,("5". 6-& 8?+.,!)&*&*-:. 8 +"). N., 2002. 4. 624 (-.("* 5/-.E N.7. 0*"(".).
Q:*-?".-'8& %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A . ":=?-(&/1,(.& '- ,("*"'& +"/@'8#". 8'"5+- *-,,%-(*8.-&(,= ?-#"'"+-(&/&% #-# ":,("=(&/1,(.", $<$+;-3>&& )"/"@&'8& #*&+8("*-, #"("*"%$ . ,.=?8 , H(8% )*&+",(-./=3(,= ",":E& )*-.- +/= ":&,)&9&'8= &5" 8'(&*&,-. L-#, ":*-?".-'8& %'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A . ":=?-(&/1,(.& '- ,("*"'& *&'('"5" +"/@'8#- ()/-(&/1>8#- *&'(E) )*&+",(-./=&( )"/$9-(&/3 *&'(E )*-." (*&:".-(1 &&
.E#$)- <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> 2"+*":'&& ,%.: X*58'- R.O. !"5"."* *&'(E // O#($-/1'E& )*":/&%E 5*-@+-',#"5" )*-.-: 4:. ,(-(&6. 7E). 5 / 2"+ *&+. 7.7. 78(*=',#"5". N., 2002.
4. 234 - 235.
!
P"*%E, $,(-'-./8.-3>8& ":>8& )"/"@&'8= 8,)"/'&'8= ":=?-(&/1,(. ," %'"@&,(.&''",(13 /8A . *",,86,#"% ?-#"'"+-(&/1,(.& (,(. ,(. 321 - 322 B0 CD), =./=3(,= +8,)"?8(8.'E%8. 2*89&% 8'"& *&5$/8*".-'8& %"@&(
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
--------------------------------
<*> B*-@+-',#86 #"+, J#*-8'E. Y-*1#"., 2003. 4. 182.
!
M'"5+- %'"@&,(.&''",(1, 8 . ",":&''",(8 ,"/8+-*'",(1, ,.=?E.-3( , "('";&'8=%8, ."?'8#-3>8%8 8? +&/8#("., #"5+- '-/8A" '&,#"/1#" )"(&*)&.;8< ('-)*8%&*, ,",":,(.&''8#". 8%$>&,(.-), 8/8 '&,#"/1#" +&/8#.&'("., 8/8 8 (&< 8 +*$58< "+'".*&%&''" <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> 4%., '-)*.: 0-.&/8' 0.!. 2*-.- 8 ":=?-''",(8 )" 8%$>&,(.-% 8 ":=?-(&/1,(.-% // 0-.&/8' 0.!. M?:*-''E& )*"8?.&+&'8= )" 5*-@+-',#"%$ )*-.$. N., 2003. 4. 312. Q:=?-(&/1,(.-, ."?'8#-3>8& 8? )*898'&'8= .*&+-, *-.'" #-# 8 +"5"."*'E& ":=?-(&/1,(.-, ."?'8#-3>8& 8? #"'#*&('E< +"5"."*". 8/8 '&",'".-(&/1'"5" ":"5->&'8=, '& =./=3(,= )*&+%&("% +-''"5" 8,,/&+".-'8=, #"("*"& )",.=>&'" /8;1 ":>8% .")*",-%
%'"@&,(.&''",(8 /8A . ":=?-(&/1,(.& 8 ",":&''",(=% 8< 8,)"/'&'8=.
!
7!('+%# ,-!.'*&+'--!*&)
!
7 ,""(.&(,(.88 ," ,(. 321 B0 CD, &,/8 . ":=?-(&/1,(.& $9-,(.$3( '&,#"/1#" #*&+8("*". 8/8 '&,#"/1#" +"/@'8#"., (" #-@+E6 8? #*&+8("*". 8%&&( )*-." (*&:".-(1 8,)"/'&'8=, - #-@+E6 8? +"/@'8#". ":=?-' 8,)"/'8(1 ":=?-(&/1,(." . *-.'"6 +"/& , +*$58%8 )",("/1#$, )",#"/1#$ 8? ?-#"'-, 8'E< )*-.".E< -#(". 8/8 $,/".86 ":=?-(&/1,(.- '& .E(-&( 8'"&.
C&5$/8*".-'8& 8,)"/'&'8= +"/&.E< ":=?-(&/1,(. . 8'",(*-''E< )*-.")"*=+#-< . ",'".'"% ,".)-+-&( , )"+<"+-%8 *",,86,#"5" )*-.- <*>.
--------------------------------
<*> B*-@+-',#"& 8 ("*5"."& )*-." #-)8(-/8,(89&,#8< 5",$+-*,(. / Q(..
*&+. R.O. 7-,8/1&.. 4. 301 (-.("* )-*-5*-S- C.T. P-*E;#8'-).
!
C-.&',(." +"/&6 )*&+)"/-5-&(,=, &,/8 8'"& '& .E(-&( 8? ?-#"'-, 8'E< )*-.".E< -#(". 8/8 $,/".86 ":=?-(&/1,(.-. Q+'-#" H(8 $,/".8= %"5$( :E(1 '& .)"/'& =,'E%8. C",,86,#"& ?-#"'"+-(&/1,(." +/= H("5" ,/$9-= '8#-#8< ,)&A8-/1'E< )*-.8/ '& $,(-'-./8.-&(, 9(" ./&9&( )*8%&'&'8& ,(. 431 B0 CD " )*-.8/-< ("/#".-'8= +"5"."*".. 7 '&%&A#"% )*-.& %"@'" $,%"(*&(1 '-/898& ,""(.&(,(.$3>&6 )*&?$%)A88. L-#, . § 420 B&*%-',#"5" 5*-@+-',#"5" $/"@&'8= (+-/&& - BGB) ,#-?-'", 9(" &,/8 '&,#"/1#" /8A ":=?-'E )*&+",(-.8(1 8,)"/'&'8= )" 9-,(=% 8/8 '&,#"/1#" /8A %"5$(
(*&:".-(1 8,)"/'&'8= )" 9-,(=%, (" )*8 '-/8988 ,"%'&'8= #-@+E6 +"/@'8# ":=?-' 8,)"/'8(1 ":=?-(&/1,(.", - #-@+E6 #*&+8("* %"@&( (*&:".-(1 8,)"/'&'8= /8;1 . *-.'"6 , +*$58%8 +"/&.
P-/898& . ":=?-(&/1,(.& '&,#"/1#8< ,$:I(". )*&+)"/-5-&( )",(-'".#$
.")*",- " ,""('";&'88 8< ."/&8?I=./&'8=, . ("% 98,/& . )*"A&,,& 8,)"/'&'8= (-#"5" ":=?-(&/1,(.-. 7.O. F&/". "('",8( +"/&.E& (*&:".-'8= 8 +"/58 # #-(&5"*88 ":>8< )*-. 8 ":=?-''",(&6 <*>. 2*8 H("% ":>8& )*-.- 8 ":=?-''",(8 <-*-#(&*8?$3(,= 8% ,/&+$3>8% ":*-?"%. 4$>&,(.".-'8& ":>8< 5*-@+-',#8< )*-., (.&. )*-., )*8'-+/&@->8< "+'".*&%&''" '&,#"/1#8% /8A-%, )*&+")*&+&/=&(,= ."?%"@'",(13 3*8,)*$+&'A88 "(+&/8(1 ,S&*$ "('";&'86 $)*-."%"9&''E< /8A +*$5 , +*$5"% "( ,S&*E 8< "('";&'86 , +*$58%8 /8A-%8. O 8%&''": 3*8,)*$+&'A8= ":",":/=&( 8 )*"(8.")",(-./=&( +*$58% /8A-% ":>$3 ."/3, - ("9'&& - ":>&& +/= .,&< $)*-."%"9&''E< ."/&8?I=./&'8&. 2*8 H("% -.("* )"/-5-&(, 9(" .,& +*$58& /8A- .",)*8'8%-3( '& "(+&/1'E& -#(E ."/&8?I=./&'8= #-@+"5" 8? $)*-."%"9&''E< /8A, - &+8'E6, .E*-:"(-''E6 8%8 )" .'$(*&''8% )*-.8/-% -#( ."/&8?I=./&'8= <**>. 2*&+,(-./=&(,=, 9(" )*8%&'8(&/1'" # 8,)"/'&'83 8%&''" +"/&.E< ":=?-(&/1,(. H(" $(.&*@+&'8& '& .)"/'& ("9'". Y-*-#(&* +"/&.E< ":=?-(&/1,(. #-# , -#(8.'"6, (-# 8 , )-,,8.'"6 ,("*"'E . ("% 8 ?-#/39-&(,=, 9(" #-@+E6 8? #*&+8("*". $)*-."%"9&' 8,(*&:".-(1 8,)"/'&'8= /8;1 . ",."&6" +"/&, - #-@+E6 8? +"/@'8#". ":=?-' 8,)"/'8(1 (-#@& /8;1 . ",."&6" 9-,(8. 2"H("%$ ."/&8?I=./&'8& '- )*&+/"@&'8& 8,)"/'&'8=, *-.'" #-# 8 ."/&8?I=./&'8& '- )*8'=(8& 8,)"/'&'8=, - ,$(1 8'+8.8+$-/1'"&, - '& ":>&& ."/&8?I=./&'8& .,&< $9-,('8#". ":=?-(&/1,(.-.
--------------------------------
<*> F&/". 7.O. B*-@+-',#"& )*-.". Q:>-= 8 Q,":&''-= 9-,(8: J9&:'8#.
N., 2003. 4. 692.
<**> 4%.: L-% @&. 4. 411 - 412.
!
7 /8(&*-($*& 8'"5+- "(%&9-&(,=, 9(" )*"A&,, 8,)"/'&'8= ":=?-(&/1,(.,
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