Innovation Management
Innovation management is the discipline of managing processes in innovation. It can be used to develop both product and organizational innovation. Without proper processes, it is not possible for research and development (R&D) to be efficient; innovation management includes a set of tools that allow managers and engineers to cooperate with a common understanding of goals and processes. The focus of innovation management is to allow the organization to respond to an external or internal opportunity, and use its creative efforts to introduce new ideas, processes or products. Importantly, innovation management is not relegated to R&D; it involves workers at every level in contributing creatively to a company's development, manufacturing, and marketing. By utilizing appropriate innovation management tools, management can trigger and deploy the creative juices of the whole work force towards the continuous development of a company. The process can be viewed as an evolutionary integration of organization, technology and market by iterating series of activities: search, select, implement and capture.
Innovation processes can either be pushed or pulled through development. A pushed process is based on existing or newly invented technology, that the organization has access to, and tries to find profitable applications to use this technology. A pulled process tries to find areas where customers needs are not met, and then focus development efforts to find solutions to those needs. To succeed with either method, an understanding of both the market and the technical problems are needed. By creating multi-functional development teams, containing both engineers and marketers, both dimensions can be solved. The lifetime (or product lifecycle) of new products is steadily getting shorter; increased competition therefore forces companies reduce the time to market. Innovation managers must therefore decrease development time, without sacrificing quality or meeting the needs of the market.
Common tools include brainstorming, virtual prototyping, product lifecycle management, idea management, project management, product line planning and portfolio, etc.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using the Continuous Tenses.
V. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the text deal with?
2. What is innovation management?
3. What can it be used for?
4. What is the focus of innovation management?
5. Whom does innovation management involve?
6. What can you say about innovation process?
7. What is pushed process based on?
8. What is pulled process based on?
9. What must innovation manages do?
10.What do common tools include?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that ….
LESSON 5
Text: Why is Business Innovation Important
Grammar: 1. The Modal Verbs (Модальные глаголы).
Tasks:
I. Review the Modal Verbs.
Present Past Future
Can – мочь, уметь could – мог to be able to do something -
быть способным что-то сделать
May – мочь, можно? Might – мог, можно? to be allowed to-
получить разрешение …
Must – должен
To have to had to – должен был will have to –должен буду
To be to was/were to will be to …
should do smth should do
ought to do smth
II. Learn the following words.
Several [`sevrql]a несколько
Reason [`rJzn] n причина, основание
Critical [`kritikl] a решающий
Although [Ll`Dou] adv хотя
Issue [`iSH]n проблема
Sector [`sektq]n сфера, отрасль, участок
7. Balance [`bxlqns]v взвешивать, обдумывать
8. Lose (lost) [lHz] v терять
9. Ground [graund]n база, основание
10. Rival [raivql]n соперник, конкурент
11. Emerge [i`mWG]v появляться
12. Likely [`laikli] adv вероятно
13. Respond [ris`pOnd] v отвечать
14. Current [kArqnt] a современный
15. Anticipate [ xn`tisipeit]v предвосхищать, предвидеть
16. Trend [trend]n тенденция, направление
17. Demand [di`mRnd] n требование
18. Waste [weist]n излишняя трата, потери
19. Increase [in`krJs] v увеличивать
20. Decrease [dik`rJs] v уменьшать
21. Profit [`profit] n прибыль
22. Attract [q`trxkt]v привлекать (внимание и др.)
23. Retain [ri`tein]v сохранять, удерживать
24. Crucial [krHSl] a решающий
25. Saturated [`sxCqreited]a насыщенный
III. Read and translate the following text.
Why is Business Innovation Important
There are several reasons why the generation of new ideas can be critical to your business's success. Although every organisation will have its own priorities and sector-specific issues to balance, businesses that fail to innovate run the risk of losing ground to competitors, losing key staff, or simply operating inefficiently. Innovation can be a key differentiator between market leaders and their rivals.
Innovation can help you discover what opportunities exist now, or are likely to emerge in the future. Successful businesses not only respond to their current customer or organisational needs, but often anticipate future trends and develop an idea, product or service that allows them to meet this future demand rapidly and effectively. Innovation will help you stay ahead of your competition as markets, technologies or trends shift.
You should include innovation as a key part of your overall business plan.
Innovation is not only about designing a new product or service to sell, but can also focus on existing business processes and practices to improve efficiency, find new customers, cut down on waste and increase profits.
Constantly innovating and improving business practices is also likely to help you attract better staff members and retain more of your existing staff - something which is crucial to the long-term health and performance of your business.
Consumers often see innovation as something that adds value to a company or to its products. Used properly, innovation can give you a commercial advantage -especially in saturated or rapidly shifting markets.
Your customers may even be willing to pay more for your well-designed, novel and innovative product or service, rather than choosing a cheaper, but less exciting rival.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using Degrees of Comparison.
V. Answer the following questions:
What is the text about?
What risk can business run?
What can innovation help to discover?
What do successful business anticipate?
What can innovation also focus on?
What can you help attract better staff members and retain more of your existing staff?
How do consumers often see innovation?
What advantage can innovation give you?
What can you say in conclusion?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that ….
LESSON 6
Text: Society
Grammar: Modal verbs. Модальные глаголы. (Повторение).
Participle I. Причастие настоящего времени. (Повторение).
Tasks:
I. Learn the following words.
1. Due to [`dju tq] благодаря
2. Widespread [`waidspred]a широко распространенный
3. Entrepreneurship [,Ontrqprq`nWSip] n предпринимательство
4. Design [di`zain]n проектирование,план, цель
5. Pollution [pq`lHSn]n загрязнение
6. Exploitation [,eksplOi`teiSn]n использование
7.Benchmark [`benCmRk]n база, исходный пункт
8. Maintenance [`meintqnqns]n содержание, уход
9. Weight capacity [`weitkq`pxsqti] грузоподъемность
10.Wood [wud] n древесина
11. Stove-heated [`stOuvhJtid] обогреваемый от печки
12. Steam-heated [stJmhJtid] обогреваемый от конденсации
13. Diesel-powered [`dJzql`pauqd] работающий от дизеля
14. Locomotive [`lOukq,mOutiv]n локомотив, электровоз
15.Bulb [bAlb]n лампочка
16.Incandescent [,inkxn`desnt] n лампа накаливания
17. Fluorescent [flL`resnt]n дневной свет
18. Cellular [`seljulq]a ячеистый
II. Read and translate the following text.
Society
Due to its widespread effect, innovation is an important topic in the study of economics, business, entrepreneurship, design, technology, sociology, and engineering. In society, technological innovation aids in comfort, convenience, and efficiency in everyday life cite . It can also lead to negative effects such as pollution or exploitation. For instance, the benchmarks in railroad equipment and infrastructure added to greater safety, maintenance, speed, and weight capacity for passenger services. These innovations included wood to steel cars, iron to steel rails, stove-heated to steam-heated cars, gas lighting to electric lighting, diesel-powered to electric-diesel locomotives. By the mid-20th century, trains were making longer, faster, and more comfortable trips at lower costs for passengers. Other areas that add to everyday quality of life include: the innovations to the light bulb from incandescent to compact fluorescent then LED technologies which offer greater efficiency, durability and brightness; adoption of modems to cellular phones, paving the way to smart-phones which supply the public with internet access any time or place; cathode-ray tube to flat-screen LCD televisions and others. Innovation is the development of new value through solutions that meet new needs, or adding value to old customers by providing new ways of maximizing their current level of productivity. It is the catalyst to growth.
III. Having read text find all the cases of using the Modal Verbs.
IV. Answer the following questions.
What does the text deal with?
Why is innovation important for studying economics, business, entrepreneurship, design, etc?
What is the role of innovation in society?
Can innovation lead to negative effects?
What examples can be given to demonstrate this?
What did these innovations include?
What do other areas that add to everyday quality of life include?
What can you say in conclusion?
V. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that ….
LESSON 7
Text: The Impact of a Technological Innovation
Grammar: Degrees of Comparison.
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
Tasks:
I. Review the Degrees of Comparison.
Положительная Сравнительная Превосходная
Wide –широкий wider – шире the widest - самый широкий
Efficient – эффективный more efficient the most efficient-
более эффективный самый эффективный
И с к л ю ч е н и я:
Good – хороший, хорошо better – лучше the best – всех лучше
Bad – плохой worse -хуже the worst – всех хуже
Little – маленький less – меньше the least – всех меньше
Much/ many – много more – больше the most – всех больше
Far – далеко farther/further- the farthest/furthest-
дальше, далее всех дальше
II. Learn the following words.
1. Impact [`impxkt]n влияние, воздействие
Eventual [i`venGuql] a возможный, фактический
Consider [kqn`sidq]v рассматривать, считать
So long [`sOulON] так долго
Power source [`pauqsLs] источник энергии
Primary [`praimqri] a основной, главный
Steam [stJm] n пар
Layout [`leiaut] n план, схема
Factory [`fxktqri] n производство завода
Determine [di`tWmin] n определять
Proximity [prOk`simqti] n близость
Steam engine [`stJm engine] паровой двигатель
In turn [in tWn] в свою очередь
Draw upon (drew, drawn) ]`drL qpOn] черпать, брать
Clumsy [`klAmzi] a неуклюжий, грубый
Wasteful [`weistfl]a расточительный
Leather belt [`leDq belt] кожаный ремень
Pulley [puli] n шкив, блок
Sequence [`sJkwqns] n последовательность
Flexible [`fleksqbl]a гибкий
Relevant [`relqvqnt]a уместный
Consensus n [kqn`sensqs] согласие, единодушие
Plausible [`plLzqbl]a правдоподобный, вероятный
Interface [`intqfeis] n взаимодействие
Measurable [`meZqrqbl] a измеримый
III. Read and translate the following text.
The impact of a technological innovation
The impact of a technological innovation will generally depend not only on its inventors, but also on the creativity of the eventual users of the new technology. Consider the electrification of factories. So long as factories depended on steam as their primary power source, the organization and layout of activities on the factory floor had to be determined by proximity to a single power source: the steam engine. Each machine on the factory floor, in turn, drew upon this power source through a clumsy and extremely wasteful transmission system of leather belts and pulleys. The introduction of electricity, with separate electric motors attached to each machine, allowed the layout of work to be organized in a far more flexible and efficient way, depending on the sequence of activities required by the needs of the production process rather than by the location of the steam engine. The parallels with the introduction of the computer are obvious. But it is also relevant to point out that economic historians have recently devoted a great deal of attention to the electrification of American factories. The consensus of their studies is that it took about 40 years – from the 1880s to the 1920s – before the application of electric power produced a measurable increase in factory productivity. And one could also make a plausible argument that the interface between people and computers is a far more complex one than the interface between people and electric power.
Management and Economics of Innovation
In the modern knowledge economy, various forms of new knowledge, especially in technology, are critical factors underlying industrial innovation, competitiveness, and economic growth. This program focuses on how and why companies innovate to compete and how companies can reap financial returns from their investments in innovation. Through a combination of an advanced level of business management and economics in relation to engineering knowledge, you will be trained to analyze, understand and skillfully manage innovation processes in companies and other areas of society.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using Degrees of Comparison.
V. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the text about?
2. What will the impact of a technological innovation depend on?
3. What example is given to demonstrate this?
4. What power source of factories was before the electrification?
5. On what principle did each machine on the factory floor run?
6. What was done with the introduction of electricity? Were separate electric
motors attached to each machine?
7. What was the result of this?
8.What are critical factors underlying industrial innovation, competitiveness and
economic growth?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that ….
LESSON 8
Text: Business and Economics.
Grammar: Perfect Tenses. Совершенные времена
Tasks:
I. Review the Perfect Tenses.
Example:
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
I have devoted I had devoted I will have devoted
You have devoted You had devoted You will have devoted
He/she/it has devoted He/she/it had devoted He/she/it will have devoted
We have devoted We had devoted We will have devoted
You have devoted You had devoted You will have devoted
They have devoted They had devoted They will have devoted
II. Learn the following words.
1.Advancement [qd`vRnsmqnt]n успех, прогресс, продвижение
2. Endowment [in`daumqnt]n вклад, дар
3. Entrepreneur [,Ontqprq`nW]n предприниматель
4. Input [`input]n представление сведений, исходные данные
5. Outmoded [,aut`mOudid]a устаревший
6. Argue [`RgjH]v доказывать, аргументировать
7. Incessantly [in`sesqntli] adv непрерывно
8. Shift [Sift] v переключать, перемещать
9. Famously [`feimqsli]adv зд. с уверенностью
10. Assert [q`sWt]v утверждать
11. Destruction [dist`rAkSn] n разрушение
12. Durability [,djuqrq`bilqti]n долговечность, прочность
13.Fruition [fru`iSn] n пользование благами, осуществление
14. Formidable [fL`midqbl]a внушительный, огромный
15. Presence [presqns]n присутствие, наличие
16. Eventually i`venCuqli] adv в конечном счете
17. Essentially [i`senSli] adv по существу
III. Read and translate the following text.
Business and economics
In business and economics, innovation is the catalyst to growth. With rapid advancements in transportation and communications over the past few decades, the old world concepts of factor endowments and comparative advantage which focused on an area’s unique inputs are outmoded for today’s global economy. Economist Joseph Schumpeter, who contributed greatly to the study of innovation, argued that industries must incessantly revolutionize the economic structure from within, that is innovate with better or more effective processes and products, such as the shift from the craft shop to factory. He famously asserted that “creative destruction is the essential fact about capitalism.” In addition, entrepreneurs continuously look for better ways to satisfy their consumer base with improved quality, durability, service, and price which come to fruition in innovation with advanced technologies and organizational strategies.
One prime example is the explosive boom of Silicon Valley startups out of the Stanford Industrial Park. In 1957, dissatisfied employees of Shockley Semiconductor, the company of Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley, left to form an independent firm, Fairchild Semiconductor. After several years, Fairchild developed into a formidable presence in the sector. Eventually, these founders left to start their own companies based on their own, unique, latest ideas, and then leading employees started their own firms. Over the next 20 years, this snowball process launched the momentous startup company explosion of information technology firms. Essentially, Silicon Valley began as 65 new enterprises born out of Shockley’s eight former employees.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using Perfect Tenses.
V. Answer the following questions.
1 What does this text deal with?
2. What is innovation mean in business and economics?
3. Who contributed greatly to the study of innovation?
4. What did he argue?
5. What did he famously assert?
6. What do entrepreneurs continuously look for?
7. What is one prime example?
8. How did Silicon Valley begin?
9. What can you say in conclusion?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that ….
LESSON 9
Text: Sources of Innovation (part I)
Grammar: Participle I and II. Причастие настоящего и прошедшего времени. Tasks:
I. Review the Participle I and II.
Example:
Active Passive
Participle I
Simple Form improving being improved
улучшающий, улучшая улучшаемый
Perfect Form having improved having been improved
улучшив после того как улучшили
Participle II - improved
улучшенный
II. Learn the following words.
1.Perception [pq`sepSn]n восприятие, понимание
2. Mood [mHd]n настроение
3. Amount [q`maunt]n количество
4. Original [q`riGqnql] a исходный
5. Recognize [`rekqgnaiz]v признавать
6. Manufacturer [,mxnju`fakCqrq]n производитель, изготовитель
7. Iterative [`itqrqtiv]a повторяющийся
8. Feedback [`fJdbxk]n обратная связь
9. Loop [lHp] n цикл, петля
10. End-user [`endjHzq]n конечный потребитель продукции
III. Read and translate the following text.
Sources of Innovation (part 1)
There are several sources of innovation. According to Peter F. Drucker the general sources of innovations are different changes in industry structure, in market structure, in local and global demographics, in human perception, mood and meaning, in the amount of already available scientific knowledge, etc.
Original model of three phases of the process of Technological Change
In the simplest linear model of innovation the traditionally recognized source is manufacturer innovation. This is where an agent (person or business) innovates in order to sell the innovation.
Another source of innovation, only now becoming widely recognized, is end-user innovation. This is where an agent (person or company) develops an innovation for their own (personal or in-house) use because existing products do not meet their needs. The economist Eric von Hippel has identified end-user innovation as, by far, the most important and critical in his classic book on the subject, “Sources of Innovation”. In addition, the famous robotics engineer Joseph F. Engelberger asserts that innovations require only three things:
1. A recognized need,
2. Competent people with relevant technology, and
3. Financial support.
The Kline Chain-linked model of innovation places emphasis on potential market needs as drivers of the innovation process, and describes the complex and often iterative feedback loops between marketing, design, manufacturing, and R&D.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using Participle I and II.
V. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the text deal with?
2. Are there several sources of innovation?
3. What are the general sources of innovation according to Peter F. Drucker?
4. What is the simplest linear model of innovation?
5. hat is another source of innovation?
6. How has economist Eric von Hippel identify end-user innovation?
7. hat do innovations require according to Joseph F. Engelberg?
8.What can you say about the Kline Chain linked model of innovation?
9. What can you say in conclusion?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that ….
LESSON 10
Text: Sources of Information (part 2)
Grammar: Participle I and II. Причасти I и II. (Повторение).
Present Perfect Tense. Настоящее совершенное время. (Повторение).
Tasks:
I. Learn the following words.
1.Breakthrough [`breikTrH]n открытие, крупное достижение
2. Achieve [q`CJv] v достигать
3. Spur [spW]v побуждать, снабжать
4. Emerge [i`mWG]v появляться, возникать
5. Exception [ iks`sepSn]n исключение
6. Incremental [`inkrimqntql]a возрастаюший
7. By far [bai`fR] намного
8. So-called [`sOukOld] так называемый
9. Closely with [`klOusli]adv близко с …
10. Reveal [ri`vJl]v открывать, обнаруживать
11. Supplier [sq`plaiq]n поставщик
12. Reinvent [rq`invent]v изобретать вновь
13. Meaning [`mJniN]n значение
II. Read and translate the following text.
Sources of Innovation (part 2)
Innovation by businesses is achieved in many ways, with much attention now given to formal research and development (R&D) for "breakthrough innovations." R&D help spur on patents and other scientific innovations that leads to productive growth in such areas as industry, medicine, engineering, and government. Yet, innovations can be developed by less formal on-the-job modifications of practice, through exchange and combination of professional experience and by many other routes. The more radical and revolutionary innovations tend to emerge from R&D, while more incremental innovations may emerge from practice – but there are many exceptions to each of these trends.
An important innovation factor includes customers buying products or using services. As a result, firms may incorporate users in focus groups (user centred approach), work closely with so called lead users (lead user approach) or users might adapt their products themselves. The lead user method focuses on idea generation based on leading users to develop breakthrough innovations. U-STIR, a project to innovate Europe’s surface transportation system, employs such workshops. Regarding this user innovation, a great deal of innovation is done by those actually implementing and using technologies and products as part of their normal activities. In most of the times user innovators have some personal record motivating them. Sometimes user-innovators may become entrepreneurs, selling their product, they may choose to trade their innovation in exchange for other innovations, or they may be adopted by their suppliers. Nowadays, they may also choose to freely reveal their innovations, using methods like open source. In such networks of innovation the users or communities of users can further develop technologies and reinvent their social meaning.
III. Having read text find all the cases of using the Modal Verbs.
IV. Answer the following questions.
What is this text about?
Is innovation by businesses achieved in many ways?
What factors is much attention given to now?
What do scientific innovations lead to?
How else can innovations be developed?
From where do more radical and revolutionary innovations tend to emerge?
From where may more incremental innovations emerge?
What does an important innovation factor include?
What can you say about user-innovators?
V. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that ….
LESSON 11
Text: System Analysis Phase Overview
Grammar: Infinitive. Инфинитив.
Tasks:
I. Review the Infinitive.
|
Active |
Passive |
Simple |
to determine определять, чтобы определять |
to be determined быть определенным |
Progressive |
to be determining |
- |
Perfect |
to have determined |
to have been determined |
Perfect Progressive |
to have been determining |
- |
II. Learn the following words.
1. Underlie [,Andq`lai] v лежать в основе
2. Contain [kqn`tein]v содержать в себе
3. Requirement [ri`kwaiqmqnt]n требование, потребность
4. Receive [ri`sJv]v получать
5. Activity [xk`tiviti]n деятельность
6. Represent [,repri`zent]v представлять
7. Proposed prq`pouzd] a предложенный
8. Current [kArqnt] a текущий, современный
9. Entity [`entiti] n организация, сущность
10 .Relationship [ri`leiSqnSip] n взаимоотношение, связь
11. Team [tJm] n команда
12. Overall [,ouvqr`Ll] adv в общем целом
13. Background [`bxkgraund]Bn предпосылка, данные
14. Acumen [q`kjHmen] n сообразительность, проницательность
15. Skill [skil] n умение, мастерство
16. Capability [,keipq`biliti] n способность, возможность
17. In addition [in q`diSqn] кроме того
18. Perform [pq`fLm] v выполнять
III. Read and translate the following text.
System Analysis Phase Overview
The system analysis phase consists of two sub-phases. These are requirements determination and enterprise modeling. Requirements determination contains two major activities. The first sub-phase is investigating the current system and business processes to identify the underlying issues. There are many different tools and techniques used to gather this information. These tools and techniques will be discussed in further detail.
The second activity is enterprise modeling. In this sub-phase, the information received from the requirements determination tasks will be used to develop models to represent the current and proposed systems. Models such as data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are used to logically represent how systems work. These modeling techniques will be discussed in further detail.
System analysis is performed by many parties of the system development team. Overall, the system analyst is the person that controls activities in this phase. This person must have a strong technical and analytical background. The system analyst has the task of investigating the current business processes and determines the requirements of the new system. So this person needs to have some business acumen and "CSI" investigation skills; in addition, they should be able to understand the capabilities of technology. Also, the system analyst performs many communication activities. Using interviewing as a means of information gathering will be discussed in further detail. The system analyst needs to have strong communication skills to run these interviews.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using the Infinitive.
V. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the system analysis consist of?
2. What are these sub-phases?
3. What do requirements determination contain?
4. What is the first sub-phase?
5. What is the second sub-phase?
6. What will the information received for the requirements determination 7.can be used for?
8. Who is the system analysis performed by?
9. What does the system analyst do?
10.What does the system analyst need to have?
11.What does the system analyst perform?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: Now a few words about …; it should be said that …;
it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that … .
LESSON 12
Text: Fact-Finding - The Paper Trail
Grammar: The Gerund with Prepositions. Герундий с предлогами.
Tasks:
I. Review the Gerund with the Preposition.
Example:
For researching – для исследования
In researching – при исследовании, исследуя
On researching – исследовав, после того как исследовали
Without researching – без исследования
II. Learn the following words.
1. Multiple [`mAltipl] a многочисленный
2. In order to [n`Ldq tq] для того чтобы
3. Trail [treil] n прослеживание
4. Paper [peipq]n документ, кредитные бумаги
5. Interaction [,intq`rxkSqn] n взаимодействие
6. Interviewing [`intqvjHIN] n интервью, деловая встреча
7. Questionnaire [,kwestiq`nFq] n анкета, вопросник
8. Survey [`sWvei] n обследование, инспектирование
9. Review [ri`vjH] v рассматривать
10.Provide [prq`vaid]v обеспечивать
11. Insight [`insait] n проникновение в суть, понимание
12. Annual [`xnjuql]a ежегодный
13. Report [ri`pLt] n отчет, доклад
14. Corporate [ `kLpqrit] a общий, корпоративный
15. In conjunction with [inkqn`GANkSqn wiD] вместе с
16. Track [trxk] v прослеживать
17. Inventory [`invqntri] n товары, внесенные в инвентарь
18. Summarize [`sAmqraiz] v суммировать, подводить итоги
19. Purchase [`pWCqs] n покупка, закупка, приобретение
20. Interface [intqfeis] v связывать
III. Read and translate the following text.
Fact-Finding - The Paper Trail
The system analyst performs multiple researching tasks in order to gather information about the business processes and current systems. The system analyst uses multiple tools and techniques in this research.
These tools and techniques can be classified into three categories:
Paper trail and background research
Interaction and interviewing
Questionnaires and surveys
The first category deals with background research. This may include reviewing documents that provide insight into the organization such as an annual report and the corporate Web site. If there are existing IT systems, this may include reviewing the documents either to use in conjunction with the current system or produced by the current system. The second category of fact-finding or investigation has a more personal approach. This category involves interviewing the personnel in the organization, which may include the users of the current system. The system analyst will interview the employees and observe them perform their daily tasks. The last category, questionnaires and surveys, can be both a personal or impersonal approach to fact-finding. This category uses questionnaires and surveys to gather the information. Following the paper trail is an important tool used for researching the current information system. As stated above, the "paper trail" is made up of documents used in conjunction with or produced by the current information system. There are several reasons why this tool is effective. First, this task involves reviewing documents that will express what is important to the organization. Another reason for tracking the "paper trail" is to understand all the different components that make up the current system and what other systems, if any, in the organization use the current system. Let us still consider the Wal-Mart example. In reviewing the documents, the system analyst comes across a document that summarizes the inventory that has been sold for that day's purchases. From that document, a question can be asked to Wal-Mart to see if their current POS interfaces with the inventory system. If the POS does, the system analyst must make sure that the new system also interfaces with the inventory system. From upper management to the employees who perform day-to-day duties, there are multiple types of documentation used that can be studied to find critical information about an information system.
IV. Having read text find all the cases of using the Gerund with the Prepositions.
V. Answer the following questions.
What is the text about?
What does the system analyst do?
What does the system analyst use?
How can these tools and techniques be classified?
What does the first category deal with?
What may background research include?
What does the second category involve?
What does the last category use?
What is the paper trail used for?
What can you say in conclusion?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: now a few words about ..; it should be said that …; it is interesting to note that ..; in conclusion I`d like to say that … .
LESSON 13
Text: Fact-Finding--The Face-to-Face Interaction (part 1)
Grammar: Participle I. Причастие настоящего времени. (Повторение).
Perfect Tenses. Passive Voice. Совершенные времена. Пассивный залог.
Tasks:
I. Review the Perfect Tenses. Passive Voice.
Example:
Present Perfect The tasks have been defined
The task has been defined
Past Perfect The tasks had been defined
The task had been defined
Future Perfect The tasks will have been defined
The task will have been defined
II. Learn the following words.
Essential [I`senSql]a необходимый, неотъемлемый
Applicant [`xplikqnt] n претендент
Various [`vFqriqs] a различный
Update [Ap`deit] v модергизировать
Reference [`refrqns]a справочный
List [list] n инвентарь, список
Objective [Ob`Gektiv] n цель, стремление
IT (Information Technology) информационные технологии
Tricky [`triki] a сложный
10. Individual [,indi`vidJuql] n личность, человек
11. Select [sq`lekt] v отбирать, выбирать
III. Read and translate the following text.
Fact-Finding--The Face-to-Face Interaction (part 1)
The second category of fact-finding deals with interacting with people. Interviewing and observing people is essential in understanding the current business processes. This lesson will review the importance of interviewing and observing members of the organization. The whole interview process is long and detail-oriented for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Interviewing for a job takes a lot of work. Applicants need to take various steps including researching the organization, developing questions for the interviewer, and updating their reference list. Once the individuals have been selected, the next task is to establish the objectives of the interview. These objectives are general areas that need to be covered. For example, one of the objectives may be to understand how the current system receives data. The system analyst can ask the end user how they input data (i.e., a form, batch file, etc.). If there are any systems from which the system under investigation receives data, then the system analyst can ask the IT staff for more information about these systems. After the objectives have been established, questions need to be developed in order to satisfy those objectives. There are many types of questions, and selecting the type of questions can be a tricky process.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using Perfect Tenses Passive Voice.
V. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the text about ?
2. What does the category of fact-finding deal with?
3. Why is interviewing and observing people essential?
4. What can be said about the whole interview process?
5. What do applicants need to do?
6. What is the next task after the individuals have been selected?
7. What are these objectives?
8. What should be done after the objectives have been established?
9. What can you say about selecting the type of questions?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: now a few words about …; it should be said that …;
It is interesting to say that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that … .
LESSON 14
Text: The Face-to-Face Interaction (part 2)
Grammar: Gerund in the Function of the Subject.
Герундий в функции подлежащего.
Tasks:
I. Review the Gerund in the function of the Subject. Pay attention to its translation
Example:
Developing a specific plan for the interview is very important.
Разработка конкретного плана для интервью – очень важна.
II. Learn the following words.
1.Careful `kFqful] a тщательный, точный
2. Casual [`kxZjuql]a случайный, небрежный
3. Chat [Cxt]Сn беседа, дружеская встреча
4. Set [set] v назначать, определять
5. Interviewee [,intqvjH`I:] n дающий интервью, интервьюируемый
6. Reduce [ri`djHs] v уменьшать, сокращать
7. Waste [weist] v тратить в пустую
8. Specific [spi`sifik] a конкретный, определенный
9. Conduct [kqn`dAkt] v проводить, вести
10. Developing [di`velOpiN] n разработка
11. Smooth [smHD] a гладкий, спокойный
12. Reason [`rJzn] n причина, основание, мотив
13. Introduction [,intrq`dAkSn] n представление
14.Party [pRti] n участник, сторона
15. Lose (lost, lost) [lHz] v упустить, терять
16. Appriciation [q,prJSi`eiSqn] n оценка
17. Message [`mesiG] n сообщение
18. Express [iks`pres] v выражать
19. Summary [sAmqri] n краткое изложение, резюме
20. Allow [q`lau] v позволять, предоставлять, зд. учитывать
21. Ability [q`biliti] n умение, способность
22. Addition [q`diSqn] n дополнение
23. Add [xd] v прибавлять, дополнять
24. Correction [kq`rekSqn] n исправление, поправка
III. Read and translate the following text.
The Face-to-Face Interaction (part 2)
The next step is to prepare for the interview. Careful preparation is essential because an interview is an important meeting and it is not just a casual chat. The place and time of the interview needs to be set. Selecting a place and time where the interviewee is comfortable may help the interviewee answer questions easily. To reduce time wasted, sending a list of topics that will be covered, sending a list of specific questions, and sending a list of materials the interviewee should bring to the interview should help keep the interviewee concentrate on the objective of the interview.
After preparing for the interview, it is time to conduct the interview. Developing a specific plan for the meeting will help the interview run smooth. Begin with a good introduction of the parties of the interview and the reason for the interview. One of the most important tasks the interviewer needs to do during the interview is to take notes. Notes should be taken during the session so nothing in the conversation points are lost. Also, these notes can be discussed with the interviewee at the end of the session. After the interview, send a message expressing appreciation to the interviewee. In the message, include the main points discussed so the interviewee has a written summary. Also, allow the interviewee the ability to add additions or corrections.
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using he Gerund in the function of
the Subject.
V. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the text about?
2. What is the next step for fact-finding?
3. What is essential for the interview?
4. What should be set?
5. What is done after preparing for the interview?
6. What will the interview help to run smooth?
7. What is one of the most important task of the interviewee during the interview?
8. When can the notes done by the interviewee be discussed?
9. What should be done after the interview?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: now a few words about …; it should be said that …;
it is interesting to say that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that … .
LESSON 15
Text: Wrap-Up: System Analysis
Grammar: Infinitive in the Function of the Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели.
Tasks:
I. Review the Infinitive in the function of the Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.
Example:
These models will be used to discover the requirements of the new system.
Эти модели будут использованы, для чтобы определить требования новой
системы.
II. Learn the following words.
1. Wrap-up [`rxp`Ap] n краткая сводка
2. Portrayal [pL`treiql] n изображение, описание
3. Survey [`sWvei] n обзор
4. Display [dis`plei] v показывать, демонстрировать
5. Chart [CRt] n таблица, схема, диаграмма
7. Cutout [`kAt`aut] v сокращать
8. Contain [kqn`tein] v вмещать, содержать
9. Mailing [meiliN] n посылаемое по почте
10.Mass [mxs] n большое количество
III. Read and translate the following text.
Wrap-Up: System Analysis
The system analysis phase of the systems development life cycle contains information gathering and graphical portrayal of the information into models. These models will be used to understand the current system to discover the requirements of the new system. There are multiple forms of information gathering or fact-finding. System analysts can either use a direct approach by interviewing members of an organization or observing end users perform their day-to-day duties. The system analyst also has the ability to cutout the human factor by reviewing documentation or mass mailing or e-mailing a survey to members of the organizations.
Once the information has been gathered, there are multiple tools that can display the data into models. The system analyst can model the organization’s members in an organization chart and the systems they use in a Functional Decomposition Diagram (FDD). Also, the system analyst can model the current and new system by using Entity Relationship (ER) and Data Flow (DF) diagrams.
Now that you have completed this topic, you should be able to:
Describe the system analysis phase
Identify the tools used for fact-finding
Discuss who should be interviewed and observed
Identify the components needed for observation
Identify the importance of a questionnaire and survey
Define Requirements Modeling
IV. Having read the text find all the cases of using the Infinitive in the function of
the Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.
V. Answer the following questions.
1.What does the text deal with?
2. What does the system analysis phase contain?
3. What will the models be used for?
4. Are there multiple forms of information gathering?
5. What forms can system analysts use?
6. What ability has the system analyst?
7. What are there for displaying the data into models?
8.What can the system analyst model?
VI. Retell the text according to the questions.
Use the expressions: now a few words about …; it should be said that …;
it is interesting to note that …; in conclusion I`d like to say that …