Учебное пособие 2100

One of the middle ages architects gave the following definition of restoration: Restoration may be defined to be a putting something into a state different from that in which we find it; but similar to that in which it once was.

Preservation activities were based on the principle of caring for authenticity. Preservation of surfaces with decorative painting and fragments of stained glass was recommended.

Thus, the middle age era was an essential period in the development of policies for preservation of historic buildings. It was a period of powerful technical and industrial development, and the growth of urban centres. It was a period of the conservation of cultural heritage in its various aspects, collections and works of art, ancient monuments and public buildings.

WRITING TASK

Подготовьте презентацию на английском языке на тему “Restoration of the Cultural and Historical Objects in the XXI century”.

Unit 4

Town Planning

Text 1

Town Planning as a Professional Sphere

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на части речи:

a)существительные: activity, distance, topography, position, circulation, public, diagram, structure, communication, interest, zone;

b)прилагательные: individual, functional, central, traditional, social, industrial, cultural, active, natural, organic;

c)глаголы: master, absorb, reconstruct, adapt, control, fix, modify.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Прочитайте предложение и догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов.

1.New developmentof the areas modifies an existing environment.

2.After the research is complete a forecast of future development is made.

3.The flexible plan is one of the best ideas that man has ever created.

4.Earlier town plans were always made as inflexible patterns.

5.The master plan thus has to define the ultimate growth of the town.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Town Planning as a Professional Sphere

Now when large-scale construction and plan-making have become an everyday activity, everyone admits that cities should have a plan. The purpose of a town plan is to give all possible freedom to a person. So it is a cooperative process inwhich architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects,doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialiststake part to make the plan as perfect as possible.Interests of the whole population should be taken into account while the citydevelopment is taking place.

New development of the areas modifies an existing environment, and so it is necessary to find out what this environment represents. The trends of population growth, distance from work to home, preferences for different types of dwelling, amount of sunshine in rooms, degree of atmospheric pollution are the key parts that should be analyzed. After the research is complete a forecast of future development is made in the form of a map: the master plan or development plan. As no one can be certain when the development will take place and since a society is an organic thing, with life and movement, the plan of a city must be flexible so that it may be changed and completed in every part when needed.

The plan is not a fixed thing, but one that is continually being adapted to the changing requirements of the community for whom it is designed. Earlier town plans were always made as inflexible patterns, but history has shown that a plan of this description changes in time.

The flexible plan is one of the best ideas that man has ever created about the control of his environment.

Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern as follows: a central core containing the principal shopping center, business zones, surrounded by districts of houses. In town planning there are different street patterns: gridiron, radial, ring and functional (organic).

Most town planners accept the traditional town pattern. In the preparation of a master plan they care much about definingcitycenter, industrial areas and areas of housing; creation of open space for recreation, the laying down main roads which run between the built-up areas (thus leaving them free of traffic) and connect them to each other.

The master plan thus has to define the ultimate growth of the town, but though the master plan is just a diagram, and even a flexible one, it is the structure upon which all future development has to take place.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.The trends … population growth, distance … work … home, preferences … different types … dwellingare the key parts…city-development.

2.… the preparation…a master plan they care much…defining city center.

3.The plan … a city must be flexible so that it may be changed and completed in every part when needed.

4.It is a cooperative process … which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, topographers take part.

5.The master plan is the structure … which all future development has to take place.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1.Каждый город должен иметь свой план.

2.Городской план – это не нечто, замершее и не развивающееся, а наоборот, это гибкая структура.

3.При подготовке генерального плана большое внимание необходимо уделить распределению территорий под промышленные зоны, жилые районы, торговые точки и так далее.

4.Большинство городов имеют типичную функциональную модель.

5.Градостроительство – это процесс сотрудничества, в котором участвуют многиеспециалисты.

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

New d… of the areas modifies an existing e...., and so it is n… to find out what this environment represents. The trends of p… g…, distance from work to home, preferences for different types of d…, amount of sunshine in rooms, degree of atmospheric p… are the k… parts that should be analyzed. After the r… is complete a f… of future d… is made in the form of a map: the m… p… or d… plan. As no one can be certain when the d… will take place and since a s… is an organic thing, with life and m…, the plan of a city must be f… so that it may be c… and c… in every part when needed.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.What is the purpose of a town plan? (give, freedom, person)

2.What research is necessary to do for town planning? (population growth,

distance from work, preferences)

3.Why must the plan of the city be flexible? (change, complete, part, when needed)

4.Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern, haven't they? (core, shopping center, business zones, districts of houses)

5.What does the master plan define? (growth, diagram)

ЗАДАНИЕ 13. Расскажите о важности городского планирования по следующему плану, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.Plan-making has become an everyday activity (large-scale construction; freedom to a person; a cooperative process; should be taken into account)

2.Key ingredientsto analyze (distance from work to home, preferences for different types of dwelling, amount of sunshine in rooms;modify an existing environment)

3.After the research (a forecast of future development)

4.The plan is not a fixed thing (adapt to the changing requirements; the flexible plan)

5.Characteristic functional pattern (a central core; the shopping center; business zones; districts of houses)

6.Most town planners (the traditional town pattern; master plan; defining city center, industrial areas and areas of housing; open space for recreation; the laying down main roads)

7.The master plan requirements (define the ultimate growth of the town)

Text 2

Types of Towns According to Their Plans

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на части речи:

a)существительные: plans, gridiron, planning, square, type, architecture, cathedral, monument, form, centre, contribution, Egypt, zone, forum, population, Institute, structure;

b)прилагательные: important, regular, circular;

c)глаголы: originate, construct.

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15)focal – центральный, основной

16)gridiron ['g rid a(i)an] plan – прямоугольная планировка

17)thoroughfare ['0arafea] – оживленная улица; главная артерия (города)

18)townhall – ратуша

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Types of Towns According to Their Plans

The most ancient towns had irregular plans, but even in ancient Egypt there appeared the first signs of aregular plan.

In ancient Greece the regular town plan continued to develop. The city-states had gridiron plans withmain streets as focal axes and the acropolis and agora as the centre. Landscape played a very important partin Greek town planning and architecture.

In Rome the town plan tended to be regular (gridiron plan) with a forum at the intersection of the twomain streets.

Medieval towns had irregular plans. They developed from the old squares. The City of London is anexample of such a town.

More often there occurred the radial-circular plan form. The centre of the town was a castle or monastery and the streets ran radially from it. If the town stood on the bank of a river or the shore of a lake the streetplan took the form of a fan. With the growth of the town new walls were built farther from the centre, and old ones were cleared out to form circular streets. In old Russia many towns also had radial-circular planning with a kremlin or monastery in the centre (e.g. Moscow, Novgorod).

In the Renaissance the town was star-shaped with radial streets or had gridiron planning. In the centre there was the town hall, cathedral or market square. In the Baroque period there was also radial planning with twoor three streets fanning from the cathedral or monument (Versailles, Petersburg and Washington).

In France squares were triangular, square or hexagonal in plan and even for the first time included circuses.

The British contribution is the satellite town. Each satellite town has the means of employment for a largeproportion of its population. It is similar in character to the garden-city.

At the beginning of the 20th century zoning structure came into being.

The “Linear city” originated in Spain. The general principle is the construction of a city for a limited depth on each side of a very wide thoroughfare long residential and industrial zones.

Another scheme was devised in the USSR by some teachers of the Moscow Architectural Institute in thelate 1920s. Its principal feature is that the zones run parallel to each other.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

4.The centre of the town was … d) triangular, square or hexagonal in plan.

5.In France squares were … e) a castle or monastery and the streets ran

radially from it.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.… old Russia many towns had radial-circular planning …. a kremlin … the centre.

2.They developed … the old squares.

3.The “Linear city” originated … Spain.

4.… the beginning … the 20th century zoning structure came … being.

5.It is similar … character … the garden-city.

ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

1. Parallel zones thatrun to each it is the otherscheme that was devised…. a) in the USSR; b) in Spain.

2.In Rome the town plan tended to be ….

a)irregular; b)regular.

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3.The “Linear city” originated in ……

a)France; b) Spain.

4.In old Russia many towns had planning with ……….

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1.В период Ренессанса город имел форму в виде звезды с радиально расходящимися улицами.

2.Основной принцип ленточного города заключается в сильно растянутых вдоль дорог и водных артерий жилых и промышленных зон.

3.В Греции появились города – государства с шахматно-модульной планировкой.

4.Если город с радиально-круговой планировкой располагался на берегу реки, то улицы разбегались от центра в виде веера.

5.В греческом градостроительстве и архитектуре большую роль играл ландшафт.

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

The most a… towns had i… plans, but even in ancient Egypt there appeared the first signs of a r… plan.

In ancient Greece the regular town plan continued to d… . The city-s… had g… plans with main streets as f… a… and the a… and a… as the centre. L… played a very important partin Greek t… planning and architecture.

In R… the town plan tended to be regular (gridiron plan) with a forum at the i… of the two main s… .

ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.Where do irregular plans occur? (ancient, towns, have, irregular, plans)

2.In what countries were regular plans used? (Rome, Greece, France, Russia)

3.What was in the centre of different towns? (centre, town, castle, monastery, streets, run)

4.What is a radial-circular plan and where does it occur? (growth, town, walls build, farther from, old, form, circular, streets, kremlin, monastery, centre)

5.When did the star-shaped plan appear? (Renaissance)

6.What is the difference between a square and a circus (a circle)? (have, four, angles, no, angles)

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