Учебное пособие 2100

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage

A conservator (restorer) of historic buildings is a professional who preserves and restores objects (artistic and cultural artifacts) of significant cultural or historical value, also known as cultural heritage.

The term “conservator” is used in the English speaking countries and the term “restorer” in those where Romance and Germanic languages are spoken.

A conservator (restorer) is a professional activity involved in the conservation of objects which are valuable in artistic, aesthetic, spiritual, religious, cultural, social, scientific or historical terms. A conservator (restorer) possesses both theoretical knowledge (fine arts theory, cultural and technological history, chemistry, biology) and practical technical skills.

Conservators (restorers) are responsible for keeping works of art or other historic objects in good condition or working order. Their principal aim is the preservation of man-made heritage.

They must understand why an object deteriorates and how to conserve (restore) it. They usually specialize in a particular area such as archaeology, furniture, paintings, textiles, books, industrial exhibits, ceramics or glass.

The activity of the conservator (conservation) consists of technical examination, preservation, and restoration of cultural property. Technical examination is the preliminary procedure taken to determine the documentary significance of an artifact; original structure and materials; the extent of its deterioration, alteration, and loss; and the documentation of these findings. Preservation (conservation) is an action taken to prevent damage to cultural properties by control of their environment and treatment of their structure in order to maintain them as nearly as possible in an unchanging state. Restoration is an action taken to make a damaged artifact with minimal aesthetic and historic sacrifice.

Conservators (restorers) work in museums, in official heritage protection services, in private conservation enterprises or independently. Their task is to comprehend the material aspect of objects of historic and artistic significance in order to prevent their decay and to enhance our understanding of them.

Conservators can also be involved in organising exhibitions and displays of rare objects for the general public. They may also be responsible for the conditions in which exhibits are stored and displayed, and must control temperature, humidity and lighting.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.A conservator of historic buildings restores objects … cultural or historical value.

2.Conservators are responsible … the conditions in which exhibits are stored and displayed.

3.Restorers are involved … organizing exhibitions.

4.The process of conservation consists … technical examination, preservation of cultural property.

5.The aim of conservation is to prevent damage to cultural properties … control of their environment and treatment of their structure.

6.Their task is to maintain artifacts … minimal aesthetic and historic sacrifice.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

1.A conservator preserves and restores objects of …

a)cultural or historical value; b) the modern life .

2.The term “conservator” is used in …

a)Romance and Germanic languages; b) the English speaking countries.

3.Conservators’ principal aim is the preservation of …

a)man-made heritage; b) nature.

4.They must understand how…

a)to conserve a damaged artifact; b) to sell an artifact.

5.Conservators can be involved in organizing displays of rare objects for …

a)the general public; b) several people.

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1.Реставраторы сохраняют предметы культурного наследия.

(Conservators preserve and restore artistic and cultural artifacts of significant cultural or historical value.)

2.Культурное наследие страны – это предметы, унаследованные от прошлых поколений.

(Cultural heritage of the country is objects of significant value inherited from past generations.)

3.Реставратор должен иметь теоретические знания и практические навыки. (A restorer possesses both theoretical knowledge and practical technical skills.)

4.Реставраторы специализируются в определенной области.

(Conservators specialize in a particular area such as archaeology, furniture, paintings, textiles, books, industrial exhibits, ceramics or glass.)

5.Задача реставратора сохранять предметы культурного наследия в неизменном виде.

(The task of a restorer is to maintain objects in an unchanging state.)

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

A conservator of h… buildings preserves objects of significant value. Their principal a… is the preservation of man-made heritage. They must understand how to c… an object. The conservation consists of technical examination, preservation, and restoration of c… property. Technical examination determines the documentary s… of an artifact. Conservators workin museums, in official h… protection services, in private conservation enterprises.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.What is known as cultural heritage? (artistic and cultural artifacts)

2.Who preserves and restores objects of cultural heritage? (conservator; significant cultural or historical value)

3.What knowledge should a conservator possess? both theoretical (fine arts theory, cultural and technological history, chemistry, biology and practical technical skills)

4.What are conservators responsible for? (keeping works of art in good condition)

5.What is their principal aim? (the preservation of man-made heritage)

6.What area do they usually specialize in? (archaeology, furniture, paintings, textiles, books, industrial exhibits, ceramics or glass)

7.What activity does the conservation consist of? (technical examination, preservation, and restoration)

8.Where do conservators work? (in museums, in official heritage protection services, in private conservation enterprises, independently)

ЗАДАНИЕ 13. Расскажите о реставрации культурного наследия по следующему плану, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.Cultural heritage (artistic and cultural artifacts of significant value).

2.A professional activity of a conservator (to preserve and restore the valuable objects).

3.The principal aim of the conservation (man-made heritage).

4.The activity of the conservation (technical examination, preservation, and restoration of cultural property).

5.Technical examination (the documentary significance of an artifact).

6.The action of restoration (minimal aesthetic and historic sacrifice).

7.Conservators’ places of work (museums, heritage protection services, conservation enterprises, independently).

Text 2

The Restoration of Heritage Buildings

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на части речи:

a)существительные: type, plastering, monument, ingredient, structure, conflict, product, restoration, object, detail, inspection;

b)прилагательные: climatic, unique, historic, innovative, modern, original, authentic, artistic;

c)глаголы: declare, start, react, base, integrate, falsify.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Прочитайте предложение и догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов.

1.Our country has a large number of heritage buildings made of different types of materials.

2.The main cause of heritage buildings deterioration is environmental conditions.

3.Deterioration can start from bedding and jointing mortars.

4.Many famous structures are carved in stone.

5.The task of restoration is to revive the original concept of the object.

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Используя выражения, данные справа, скажите, какие компоненты входят в состав растворов исторических сооружений.

Образец: Historic mortars consist of different ingredients.

d)egg

2.To improve the quality of mortars … is added. e) coconut oil

f)milk

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1)heritage buildings – исторические здания

2)jointing – соединение кирпичной кладки

3)bedding – основание, фундамент

4)plastering – штукатурные работы

5)to expose – подвергать воздействию

6)to affect – повреждать

7)deteriorated conditions – ухудшенные условия

8)deterioration – повреждение, порча

9)fine aggregate – мелкий заполнитель

10)additives materials – примеси

11)molasses – меласса, патока

12)advances – достижения, успехи

13)to carve –высекать, вырезать

14)pollutant – загрязняющее вещество

15)deteriorating agencies – разрушающие вещества

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16)to revive – восстанавливать

17)reintegration – восстановление

18)restoration – реставрация

19)features – конструктивные особенности, свойства

20)replacement – замена

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The Restoration of Heritage Buildings

Every country has a large number of heritage buildings made of different types of stone, jointing, bedding and plastering materials. Heritage buildings located in different parts of the country exposed to different climatic conditions and each building material is affected in its own unique way by the environment.

For example, India has over 15000 historical buildings out of which 3570 buildings have been declared as national monuments and approximately same number has been declared as state important monuments.

Most of the heritage buildings are in deteriorated conditions and main cause of their deterioration is environmental conditions.In most of the cases, deterioration starts from bedding and jointing mortars. The main ingredients of historic mortars are lime, fine aggregate, additives materials like molasses, egg, coconut oil, milk etc. are also added sometimes with a view to improve the quality of mortars.

There is a need to investigate the usefulness of these materials from the present day point of view. Advances in science and technology can provide innovative solutions. Many important work of art or famous structures are carved in stone. Mortar is the weakest link and easily reacts with the pollutants and other deteriorating agencies available in the environment. Living in the growing industrial surroundings, there is a conflict between the use of old materials and modern products.

The objective of restoration is to revive the original concept to the object. Restoration and reintegration of details and features occur frequently and is based upon respect for original materials, original design and authentic documents. Replacement of missing and decayed parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but must be distinguishable on close inspection from the original so that the restoration does not falsify the artistic or historic value.

Cleaning of buildings is also a form of restoration and the replacement of missing decorative elements is another. The scope of building craft skills in restoration is from the simple repair and maintenance of domestic properties to the most complicated work.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.Heritage buildings are made … different types of materials.

2.They are located … different parts of the country exposed to different climatic conditions.

3.Deterioration starts … bedding and jointing mortars.

4.Famous structures are carved … stone.

5.Replacement of missing and decayed parts must integrate … the whole.

6.Restoration is based … respect for original material.

ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

1.Each building material is affected in …

a)its own way by the environment; b) the same way.

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2.India has …

a)3570; b) 15000 national monuments.

3.The main cause of deterioration of heritage buildings are …

a)people; b) environmental conditions.

4.Additives materials are added to improve …

a)the quality of mortars; b) the interior of the building.

5.Mortar is …

a)the strongest; b) the weakest link.

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1.Необходимо исследовать растворы, которые применялись при строительстве исторических зданий.

(There is a need to investigate the usefulness of historic mortars from the present day point of view.)

2.Ближайшее промышленное окружение создает конфликт между использованием старых и современных материалов.

(Living in the growing industrial surroundings, there is a conflict between the use of old materials and modern products.)

3.Задача реставрации – это восстановить первоначальный замысел объекта. (The objective of restoration is to revive the original concept of the object.)

4.Реставрация деталей и характерных свойств основывается на уважительном отношение к первоначальному материалу.

(Restoration of details and features is based upon respect for original materials.)

5.В большинстве случаев повреждение начинается с фундамента и строительных растворов.

(In most of the cases, deterioration starts from bedding and jointing mortars.)

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

A large number of h…buildings are made of different types of stone. They are exposed to different c… conditions. Deterioration starts from bedding and j… mortars. The main ingredients of historic mortars are l…, fine aggregate, and additives materials. They are added to improve the q… of mortars. Many famous work of art are carved in s… . Mortar is the weakest l… and easily reacts with the pollutants. The task of restoration is to revive the original c…of the object. The scope of building craft skills in restoration is from the simple r… to the most complicated work.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.What are a large number of heritage buildings made of? (stone, plastering materials)

2.How many historical buildings are there in India? (15000)

3.What is the main cause of deterioration of heritage buildings? (environmental conditions)

4.How does deterioration of heritage buildings usually start? (from bedding and jointing mortars)

5.What are the main ingredients of historic mortars? (lime, fine aggregate, additives materials)

6.What materials are added to improve the quality of historic mortars? (additives materials)

7.What is the objective of restoration? (to revive the original concept)

8.What is the scope of building craft skills in restoration? (repair and maintenance, complicated work)

ЗАДАНИЕ 13. Расскажите о реставрации исторических зданий по следующему плану, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.Building materials for heritage buildings (different types of stone, jointing, bedding and plastering materials).

2.The main cause of deterioration of heritage buildings (environmental conditions).

3.The beginning of deterioration (bedding and jointing mortars).

4.The ingredients of historic mortars (lime, fine aggregate, additives materials).

5.The objective of restoration (to revive the original concept of the object).

6.Restoration of details and features (original materials, original design and authentic documents).

7.Cleaning of buildings as a form of restoration (missing decorative elements).

8.Building craft skills in restoration (repair and maintenance of domestic properties).

Тексты для самостоятельной работы по теме «Restoration and Conservation»

Text A

Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

Middle Ages Conservation Principles

The essence of modern conservation is founded in the new historical consciousness and in the resulting perception of cultural diversity. Architects of the 17-18th centuries while still thinking in traditional terms, were already aware of the

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historicity of ancient works of art. The approach became more specific in the antiquarian criticism of classically oriented church renewals in England in the 1790s and in France in the 1830s, and in the age of Romanticism, when the values and the gradual abolition of the ideal, universal references for art resulted in an emphasis on the artist’s individuality and creativity.

In the mid-nineteenth century, criticism was directed at the stylistic restoration, the often arbitrary renewal and reconstruction of historic structures. As a result of the efforts of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, the conservation movement spread abroad, to France, Germany countries, Greece, Italy, and even to other continents, e.g. to India.

While initially leading a movement based on criticism, conservation gradually became accepted as the modern approach to the care of historic buildings and works of art, and thus also the principal recommendation for the policies of maintenance and conservative repair.

WRITING TASK

Напишите эссе на английском языке на тему “Modern Conservation Principles”.

Text B

Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

Development of Conservation Policies in England

The anti-restoration movement criticized restoration architects for the destruction of the historical authenticity of the buildings, and fought for their protection, conservation and maintenance. As a result, in the English language, the word ‘restoration’ came to indicate something negative, and was replaced by the word ‘conservation’; the movement itself became the ‘conservation movement’.

Architects saw a historic building, painting or sculpture as a unique creation by an artist in a specific historic context. Such a genuine work of art was based on man’s perception of beauty in nature. Age in itself contributed to beauty; the marks of age could thus be seen as an essential element in an object after several centuries.

To restore a historic building or a work of art, even using the methods of the historic period, in any case, meant much reproduction of its old forms in new material. Architects first should create architecture of such quality that it could become historical, and secondly, to, preserve as the most precious of inheritances of past ages. The restorer’s duty is to protect historical objects, to conserve them and to transmit them to future generations, because one of the fundamental conditions of a man is to rely on the past. A historic city does not consist only of single monuments, but is an ensemble of different types of buildings, spaces and details.

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