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So, let us turn to the consideration of phraseological units of the feminine subtype with a negative seme “appeal to a woman (spouse)”. E.g.:

1)appeal to a woman:

•Old creaker - Grumpy, angry old woman [2*];

•Old hag (cow, broad, bag) - Old bruise (lit. old witch, cow, dull aunt, wallet) [2*];

•Old shoe (bone, pepper pot) - Old galosha (lit. Old shoe, bone, pepper shaker) [3*];

•Old boiler - Old maid, “centuries old” (lit. Old soup chicken) [4*];

•Old bitty - A crazy old woman who does not have a clue about what is happening in the modern world, but thinks that she knows something important and considers that it`s necessary to share it [5*];

•Old lady - Old grandmother, old woman [6*];

•Old haybag - An old woman (usually lazy and physically unattractive) (lit. Old bag with hay) [1**, p. 1115].

2) appeal to the spouse:

• One`s old Dutch (woman) - Wife, “old woman” (lit. Someone's old Dutch woman) [8, p.

86].

The above examples show the extremely negative emotional content of the verbalized concept “Old age”; individual appeals represent a humiliating attitude towards women (broad - woman, pepper pot - pepper shaker, shoe - galosha, bag - wallet, boiler - “century old”, haybag - a bag of hay, etc.).

Separately, the phraseological unit “One`s old Dutch (woman)” should be analyzed, since it has historical significance. In this example, a negative appeal to a woman is expressed, because the negative perception of the Dutch component dates back to the times of Anglo-Dutch competition on the seas and to the wars of the 17th century [8, p. 86]. All Dutch and Holland itself were considered as something bad and in those days, any event or phenomenon that had a negative reputation was assigned the “Dutch” definition.

Thus, in all presented phraseological units, the seme “disrespectful attitude to the female sex” can be traced. A woman acts in the guise of “grunt” (“old creaker”), “witch” (“old hag”), “pepper shaker” (“old pepper pot”), “galosha” (“old shoe”), etc., which carries a prominent pejorative assessment. It is interesting to emphasize that phrases expressing a negative attitude towards the female sex are generally universal in nature, with the exception of such combinations as: old boiler (“old chicken soup”), old bone (“old bone”), old bitty (“A crazy elderly woman who has no idea what is happening in the world, but thinks she knows something important and considers it necessary to share it”), one`s old Dutch (woman) (“someone’s old Dutch woman”), which are distinctive in the English linguistic culture [5, p. 111-112].

In a quantitative ratio, the phraseological units of the masculine subtype with the pejorative seme “appeal to a man (spouse)” are inferior to examples of appeals to a woman (spouse) by one unit. Our semantic and cognitive analyzes of phraseological units with the “old” component revealed that the following appeals represent an extremely negative manner to an elderly man (both well-known and unfamiliar):

• Old dodderer (sod, waffle, goof, timer, wrinkly, gaffer, grumbler (goat), coot, duffer, fart) - Old wreck, “ruin” (lit. Old wretch, nasty old man, boob, crank (“insane”), miser, old man with oddities (old man), grumbler, simpleton, coot, dunce, hell (“stump”)) [8*].

The phraseological units Old dodderer (sod, waffle, goof, timer, wrinkly, gaffer, grumbler (goat), coot, duffer, fart) indicate the presence of specific negative traits of character of an elderly (old) person: rejection of a person in connection with any of his actions or deeds (“sod,

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waffle”), stinginess, pettiness (“goof”), the behavior of an elderly person, causing hostility and perplexity (“gaffer, dodderer, duffer”), grouchy (“grumbler (goat)”), stupidity, rustic simplicity and incongruity (“coot”), anger at the outside world (“fart”) [5, p.112].

These examples show the signs that characterize men from the negative side: grunt (“old dodderer”), boob (“old waffle”), fool, burdock (“old duffer”), old man with oddities (“old wrinkly”), grumbler (“Old grumbler (goat)”), simpleton (“old coot”), hell, “stump” (“old fart”), etc.

In the presented expressions, specific features of an elderly (old) person who have sharply negative attributes are actualized. Thus, in phraseological units with the seme “appeal to a man (spouse)” humiliating, derogatory, insulting connotations are represented.

The cognate subtype of phraseological units with a negative seme “appeal to parents (relatives)” is verbalized by examples where there are appeals to:

• mother: Old bird (chook, earth, cheese) - mother (lit. Old bird (klusha, earth, cheese)

[9*];

•father [6, p. 111]: Old foozle - “The Old Man”, father [10*];

•grandfather: Old git - Grandfather (lit. Old scoundrel, bastard) [11*];

•parents: The old folk (ones) - “Old Men”, elderly parents (lit. Old people) [12*].

It is interesting to note that in the above examples various nominations are used and they relate to certain areas of life:

animalistic nominations (bird, chook),

natural nominations (earth),

vegetative nominations (cheese),

anthropological nominations (foozle, git, folk).

The above phraseological units have a national specificity, because, according to our observations, there aren`t such appeals to the closest relatives in other cultures; that allows us to conclude that these nominations are exceptional and unique. So, in the understanding of the

British, mother is named as a “bird” (“klusha”) (“bird (“chook”), “cheese” (“cheese”) and “earth” (“earth”); grandfather -“villain” (“git”); parents - “people” (“folk”). These images are not suitable for the Russian linguocultural community.

Broadly speaking, the phrase “disrespectful and neglectful attitude towards a woman or a man” is noted in the presented phraseological units; a negative assessment of “old age” is expressed in the presence of swearing names of elderly people, such as grunt (“old dodderer”), cow (“old cow”), bastard (villain) (“old git”), dunce (“old duffer”) and others. The style of these phraseological units is low; it determines their increased expressive orientation [5, p.

113]. When referring to somebody negative nominations of artifacts (“old shoe”, “old pepper pot”, “old bag”, “old haybag”), birds (“old boiler”, “old coot”, “old bird”, “old chook”), animals (“old cow”), gastronomic realities (“old cheese”), elements of the universe (“old earth”) are used, which, thus, “highlight” the specifics of interpersonal relationships in English linguistic and cultural society. It should be noted that the above-mentioned appeals to male and female representatives (old boiler, bone, shoe, bird, ground, coot; old cheese; people) are not typical, in particular, for Russian language consciousness [5, p. 113].

Further, it seems necessary to turn to the consideration of the mythological subtype of phraseological units with the “old” component, which contains 7 examples.

The mythological subtype of the appellate type of phraseological units with the seme “extremely negative attitude to the person(s)” is represented by the following phraseological units:

• Old Gentleman (Satan, dragon, viper, adversary, gooseberry, Horny) - The enemy of the human race, the devil (Old gentleman (lit. Old Satan, demon, dragon, enemy, Poker, snake, adversary, gooseberry, Rogach) [13*].

In the contextual motivation of mythological phraseological units the symbolic idea associated with “Satan, the Devil” and “dragon, serpent” (“the enemy of the human race”) is re-

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flected. The Longman dictionary of American English offers the following definitions of the Devil and dragon tokens: Devil (Satan, Horny) is the most powerful evil spirit in some religions, such as Christianity; any evil spirit [Origin: Old English deofol, from Greek diabolos] (the Devil (Satan) is the most powerful evil spirit in some religions (for example, Christianity); any evil spirit) [2**, p. 276]; Dragon (viper) is a large imaginary animal that has wings, a long tail, and can breath out fire; a fierce bad-tempered old man (Dragon (serpent) is a large fictional animal that has wings, a long tail and which has the power to blow fire; a cruel old man with a bad character) [1**, p. 304]. Thus, in the English linguistic consciousness, “old Satan”, “old dragon, serpent” (“Old dragon, viper”) are the symbols of enemy, cruel and aggressive people [6, p. 115].

The desire for a symbolic rethinking of the surrounding reality accompanies a person from ancient times to present day. The interpretation of the symbol can be found in the studies of such thinkers and philosophers as Aristotle, Plato, Empedocles; medieval scholastics, P. A. Florensky, K.G. Jung, R. Genon and other scientists. The symbol is one of the central concepts of various scientific fields - philosophy, philology, psychology, cultural studies, art criticism, etc. The concept of a symbol underlies in various scientific concepts: from structural linguistics of F. de Saussure and the studies of V. Von Humboldt on the internal form of a word to the philosophy of symbolic forms of E. Cassirer [9]. Let us consider the meaning of the word “symbol”. A symbol is an idea, image or object that has its own content and at the same time represents in a generalized, non-expanded form, some other content [14*]. V.A. Maslova believes that the direct meaning of symbol is equal to the abstract; the abstract idea is encoded in concrete content in order to express the abstract through the concrete, but the concrete is encoded in abstract to show its ideal, abstract meaning [10, p. 97]. An image is a fundamental element of a symbol. Image represents the objects of reality in human consciousness directly and clearly, being a reflection form of perceived objects and phenomena. The symbol personifies the cultural experience of an entire nation and acts as the highest form of knowledge [9]. Image is psychological, symbol is functional, it is designed to combine the efforts of public, tribal and national collectives. From N.D. Harutyunova`s point of view, symbol has higher semiotic status than image. This is connected with the fact that symbol is more often interpreted in terms of culture [11, p. 338].

That`s why, for the inhabitants of England, the old Devil (Demon), dragon (serpent) are symbols of evil and power, an unpleasant, antipathetic person who is ready to do any tricks to achieve his goals and satisfy his own needs.

So, the above examples use the nominations of the magic (supernatural) sphere (“old dragon”, “old viper”) as the verbalizers of “Old age”. The presence of the realities indicates a vivid manifestation of the ethnocultural specificity of the concept “Old age” in the English consciousness.

As mentioned above, in a quantitative ratio, negative phraseological units (40 examples) with the seme “referring to someone” dominate in comparison with positive phraseological units (21 examples).

Further, it seems necessary to turn to the consideration of gerontological phraseological units with a meliorative-valued orientation (see table № 2).

Table № 2

Based on the data in table № 2, the interpersonal subtype of melioratively-colored phraseological units (11 examples) with the seme “appeal to friends and comrades” is dominant.

Let us turn to their investigation.

To a greater extent, the following examples represent positive references to: 1. friends:

• Old chum - Friend, bosom friend (lit. Old chum) [15*];

• Old buzzard (crony, top) - Buddy, friend (lit. Old godfather, old hill) [16*];

• Old guiser (fella, buddy, crumpet) - Old man (lit. Old actor, comrade, friend, old cake) [16*];

• Old sport (beam) - Koresh, “man” (lit. Old sport, old log) [16*].

2. former classmates:

• Old cap - Old university (institute, school) comrade (lit. Old cap) [17*].

In the above examples, the words-implicators in phraseological addresses to friends and acquaintances are the following nominations: a) anthropological (buzzard, guiser, crony, fella, buddy), b) material (beam, cap), c) vegetative (crumpet); d) natural-geographical (top) and e) ichthyological (chum). Most often, the above appeals are used in colloquial speech, in a dialogue between old friends and acquaintances.

The specific of these appeals is that such expressions as, for example: “old chum”, “old guiser”, “old beam”, “old sport” (in the meaning “friend”, “buddy”) are not noted in the Russian language consciousness. The expressions “old chum”, “old actor”, “old log”, “old godfather”, “old sport”, etc. contain such semes as “long-known”, “fighting, energetic”, “moderate”. The common seme for the presented phraseological units is the seme “relations formed under the influence of time”. These appeals are characteristic of unofficial (familiar) communication between well-known people, close friends, relatives [5, p. 117]. In the English consciousness, the aforementioned images correlate with a positive attitude towards a person (aged means well-known, tested, reliable, loyal, “sophisticated”, “rock”) [5, p. 117].

The masculine subtype of phraseological units of the appellative type with the meliora- tively-connotated seme “appeal to a man (boss)” is represented by 8 examples characterizing respect to men, leaders:

•Old man – Boss (lit. Old man) [18*];

•The grand old man of something - An elderly man, who is respected for having achieved success in his career (lit. The great old man of business) [19*].

In the presented positive phraseological units, the following semes are updated: “having achieved certain successes in career”, “experienced”, “holding a high position”, “respected in society”, “a person held in his profession”.

The following phraseological unit also refers to this type:

•An old Parliamentary hand - The Old Parliamentary Rat (Old Parliamentary Wolf), an experienced parliamentarian (lit. Old Parliamentary Hand) [20*].

This phraseological unit explicates the idea of famous political leaders who know their job and have extensive experience in managing the state [6, p. 117].

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Seme “respectful attitude to an experienced person, a professional” can be traced in the following phraseological units:

•Old salt (whale, tar, sea dog, stager) - a brave, experienced sailor; sea wolf (lit. old salt, whale, tar, sea dog, experienced person) [21*].

The appellatives Old salt (old whale, old tar, old sea dog, old stager) belong to a competent person (sailor), who has great endurance and knows his job.

The feminine subtype of the appellative type of phraseological units with the meliorative- ly-connotated seme “appeal to a woman (mother)” is presented by one example. E.g.:

•Old dear - Mummy (lit. Old darling) [22*].

The expression Old dear is often used when a child addresses to his mother. Here you can also see diminutive notes (mummy).

It is interesting to investigate the only phraseological unit that belongs to the onomatological subtype of the appellative type with the seme “appeal to the policeman”. E.g.:

• Old Bill - Old Bill [23*].

This expression originates from the cartoon about the First World War. It is known that in the last century, British police officers wore a mustache like that of “old Bill”, the famous cartoon character of the First World War, who was famous for his felinity and cunning.

The phrase Old Bill is a comic appeal to law enforcement in England.

Based on the examples we have analyzed, it should be noted that the corpus of phraseological units used as appellatives reflects the originality and uniqueness of the English language world picture, which representatives of another nation may not understand or accept. For example, the expressions Old beam, sport (old log) - buddy, darling, Old chum - old friend, Old cap - friend, Old salt (whale, tar, sea dog) - an experienced sailor, Old Bill - a policeman, etc. reflect specific signs of the English consciousness and are not suitable for Russian linguistic culture.

As our semantic-cognitive and culturological analyzes showed, phraseological units used as appellatives with a negative rating (40 examples) prevail in comparison with phraseological units with a meliorative estimated content (21 examples).

In the understanding of representatives of any ethnic group, each age period (childhood, youth, adolescence, old age) has a certain set of characteristics that describe these age categories both on the positive and negative sides. In particular, for the British, old age is a gerontological unit that is more characterized from a negative point of view. This position is similar to the Russian mentality. A number of analyzed appellatives with the seme “old” indicates certain negative traits of old age. So, the character of old (elderly) people deteriorates (“old hag”), they become apathetic (“old haybag”), grouchy (“old bag”), dissatisfied with life (“old waffle”), are not respected by young people (“old fart”). Swearing, humiliating appeals (“old git”, “old goof”) are often applied to old people.

However, the meliorative types of appeals that we analyzed indicate that in the English culture there are also positive signs of old age: affectionate nominations for the elderly (“old dear”), good relations with friends and former classmates (“old buddy”, “old sport”, “old cap”), respectful attitude to an old person competent in his field (“old man”, “the grand old man of something”), endurance (“old salt”, “old whale”, “old tar”, “old sea dog”).

Our study showed that in the English and Russian linguistic cultures there are phraseological expressions that are similar in semantic content. For example, elderly women are equally nominated in both the English and the Russian languages. For example, such equivalents as:

o Old bag - an old wallet,

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o Old shoe– an old galosha, o Old creaker - grunt,

o Old pepper pot - pepper shaker.

English and Russian appeals to men have also identical signs. E.g.: o Old dodderer - old grunt,

o Old wrinkly - an old blockhead, o Old gaffer - an old eccentric,

o Old fart - old stump

o Old buzzard - buddy, etc.

Cognitive activity and mental abilities of older people decline with age, which can lead to pronounced dementia (see Old bitty phraseological unit).

All the gerontological phraseological units we analyzed with the archisheme “referring to someone” showed that in the English language consciousness the phenomenon “Old age” is a bright, multifaceted and complex component of the life cycle of any person, which is characterized by specific signs, which distinguish it from other age periods (childhood, youth, adolescence, maturity).

Conclusion

Summarizing all the above, it is important to note that the carried out semantic-cognitive and culturological study of pejorative and meliorative gerontological phraseological units of the appellative type showed that in English culture negative associations are more connected with senile age (gloom, blues, grouchy, forgetfulness dementia, a persistent decrease in cognitive activity, a decrease in concentration of attention, etc.). However, it is important to note that for different ethnic cultures and historical eras, such a distribution of negative assessments regarding to “old age” is not identical [5, p. 112].

Thus, the analysis of phraseologically objectified cognitive signs of the concept “Old age” shows that the historical consciousness of people, reflected in the English phraseological units, predominantly represents pejoratively marked forms of appeals. In this subgroup of phraseological units with the “old” component, a significant number of swearing names of old people, as well as appeals to them, attract attention. Compare: the old man (“old wrinkly”), the grumbler (“old goat”), the fool (“old duffer”), the blockhead (“old goof”), the “insane” (“old gaffer”), the bastard (“old sod”), grunt (“old creaker”), wallet (“old bag”), old cow (“old cow”) and other examples. This significant repertoire of lexical units in the composition of the appellative phraseological units shows the dominance of such symptom as “condescending, disrespectful attitude to people of advanced age”.

In conclusion, it is necessary to note that the research results described in the article are not final. Further works may be directed at studying the gerontological phenomenon “Old age” and its linguistic representation in the American art world picture, as well as in the field of various discourses: advertising, sports, scientific, medical, etc. In addition, an undoubted interest presents an analysis of juvenile (“Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth” and others) and gerontological (“Maturity”, “Old age” and others) concepts in a comparative aspect: for example, in the English and the Italian linguistic cultures, in the European and the Oriental linguistic cultures, etc.

References

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[2]Safarova G.L. Gendernye aspekty stareniya naseleniya Rossii (nauchnyj zhurnal

«Uspekhi gerontologii) / G.L. Safarova, A.A. Safarova, A.I. Lisenenkov. – Sankt-Peterburg: OOO «Eskulap», 2014. S. 236-240.

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[3]Hismatullina Z.N. Osnovy social'noj mediciny / Z.N. Hismatullina. - Kazanskij gos. tekhnol. un-t. - Kazan': KGTU, 2007. - 237 s.

[4]Abrosimova O.A. Biologiya razmnozheniya i razvitiya: kurs lekcij [Tekst] / O.A. Abrosimova. – Ufa: Izdatel'stvo BGPU, 2006. – 140 s.

[5]Fomina Z.E. Koncepty «Molodost'» i «Starost'» v yazykovom soznanii anglichan i amerikancev [tekst]: monografiya / Z.E. Fomina, YU.S. Konovalova. – Voronezh: Voronezhskij GASU, 2015. – 232 s. [Elektronnyj resurs] – URL: http://www.docme.ru/doc/1260849/fomina-z.e.-koncepty-%C2%ABmolodost._%C2%BB-i- %C2%ABstarost._%C2%BB (data obrashcheniya – 3.09.2019).

[6]Fomina Z.E., Konovalova YU.S. Gerontologicheskie kategorii «Youth» / «Molodost'» i «Old age» / «Starost'» v anglo-amerikanskih yazykovyh refleksiyah v aspekte idiosinkrazii. / Z.E. Fomina, YU.S. Konovalova // Vestnik VGASU. - Voronezh, 2011, № 2 (16).

–S. 27-43.

[7]Vezhbickaya A. YAzyk. Kul'tura. Poznanie / A. Vezhbickaya. - M.: Russkie slovari, 1996. - 416 s.

[8]Pintova A.A. Koncepty OLD/YOUNG i STARYJ/MOLODOJ v anglijskoj i russkoj yazykovyh kartinah mira: dis. … kand. filol. nauk / A.A. Pintova. - Sankt-Peterburg, 2009. - 215 s.

[9]Haritonova E.YU. Traktovka ponyatiya «simvol» v lingvistike // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta (Elektronnyj zhurnal). – Moskva, 2014. № 1. [Elektronnyj resurs] – URL: https://evestnik-mgou.ru/ru/Articles/Doc/516 (data obrashcheniya – 06.07.2019).

[10]Maslova V.A. Lingvokul'turologiya: ucheb. posobie dlya stud. vyssh. ucheb. zav. / V.A. Maslova: – M.: Izdatel'skij centr «Akademiya», 2001. - 208 s.

[11]Arutyunova N.D. YAzyk i mir cheloveka / N.D. Arutyunova. - 2-e izd., ispr. - M.: YAzyki russkoj kul'tury, 1999. - 896 s.

Analyzed sources

[ 1*] Agesecrets.ru, URL: https://agesecrets.ru/vozrast/starenie-cheloveka/nauka- gerontologiya-kak-i-pochemu-stareet-chelovek (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 2*] Multitran.com, URL: https://www.multitran.com/m.exe?s=creaker&l1=1&l2=2 (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 3*] Context.reverso.net, URL: https://context.reverso.net/translation/englishrussian/old+bone (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 4*] Multitran.com, URL: https://www.multitran.com/m.exe?s=old%20boiler&l1=1&l2=2 (data obrashcheniya - 30.08.2019).

[ 5*] Urbandictionary.com, URL: https://urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=old%20bitty (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 6*] Wooordhunt.ru, URL: https://wooordhunt.ru/word/old%20lady (data obrashcheniya - 30.08.2019).

[ 7*] Multitran.com, URL: https://multitran.com/en/ru/old%20trout (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 8*] Macmillandictionary.com, URL: https://www. /thesaurus-category/british/informal- and-insulting-words-for-old-people (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 9*] Multitran.com, URL: https:// multitran.com/m.exe?l1=1&l2=2&s=old+bird%2C+cheese%2C+chook%2C+earth&langlist=2 (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 10*] Multitran.com, URL: https://www.multitran.com/m.exe?s=foozle&l1=1&l2=2 (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

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[ 11*] Context.reverso.net, URL: https://context.reverso.net/%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0% B4/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8 %D0%B9-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/old+git (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 12*] Context.reverso.net, URL: https://context.reverso.net/%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0% B4/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8 %D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/old+folks (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 13*] Multitran.com, URL: https:// multitran.com/m.exe?l1=2&l2=1&s=%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0 (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 14*] Dic.academic.ru, URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/1095/%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%92% D0%9E%D0%9B (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 15*] Multitran.com, URL: https:// www. multitran.com/m. exe?l1=1&l2=2&s=old+chum (data obrashcheniya - 30.08.2019).

[ 16*] Merriam-webster.com, URL: https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/crony (data obrashcheniya - 2.09.2019).

[ 17*] Multitran.com, URL: https://www.multitran.com/m.exe?s=old%20cap&l1=1&l2=2 (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 18*] Idioms.thefreedictionary.com, URL: https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/Old+man (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 19*] Idioms.thefreedictionary.com, URL: https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/the+grand+old+man+of+(something) (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 20*] Diclib.com, URL: http:// diclib.com/cgibin/d1.cgi?l=en&base=mueller&page=showid&id=41030, 483 (data obrashcheniya - 05.07.2019).

[ 21*] ldoceonline.com, URL: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/old-salt (data obrashcheniya - 31.08.2019).

[ 22*] Urbandictionary.com, URL: https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Old%20dear (data obrashcheniya - 30.08.2019).

[ 23*] Collinsdictionary.com, URL: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/old-bill (data obrashcheniya - 29.08.2019).

Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2009. - 1860 pp.

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UDC 811.11

THE MAIN SENTENTIAL STRUCTURAL SCHEMES OF THE ENGLISH INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE REFLECTION

OF THE SYNTACTIC CONCEPTS

M.T. Zhukova

____________________________________________________________________________

Voronezh State Technical University Senior Lecturer of the Foreign Languages and Technology of Translation Department Marina Tikhonovna Zhukova

e-mail: zhuk.mis@mail.ru

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Statement of the problem. The analysis of the complex infinitive constructions based on the material of the “Telegraph” Internet newspaper articles with regard to the issues having been studied in the sphere of cognitive linguistics will be carried out in this article. The context of the article including the complex infinitive constructions is considered in terms of the simple sentence sentential structural schemes. By the word-for-word translation method, the main structural schemes of the complex infinitive constructions defined by the author as complexstructural infinitive constructions are revealed. The discrepancy peculiarities of surface structures from their deep ones are determined.

Results. Based upon our scientific work the method of reconstruction of complex-structural infinitive constructions was identified as well as the selection of their syntactic concepts and the formation of the combinatory concept were explained. The first type construction most often used with the verb “expect” is paid special attention to.

Conclusion. The new directions in the field of the cognitive linguistics can be opened by researching the complexstructural infinitive constructions focusing on their sentential structures which allow to insight into the understanding of the syntactical concept formation process in the English language and displaying the real picture of active world perceived by us.

Key words. simple sentence sentential structural scheme, complex-structural infinitive construction, syntactic concept, combinatory concept, cognitive linguistics, text.

For citation: Zhukova M.T. The main sentential structural schemes of the English infinitive constructions in the reflection of the syntactic concepts / M.T. Zhukova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and- didactic Researches”. – 2019. - № 4 (27). – P. 32-42.

Introduction

Nowadays it is an undisputed fact that a language, which was a code represented “things and actions” [1, p.23], and later formed as a “complex syntactic code of the whole sentences that could formulate the complex forms of speech” [ibid.] is the key element in the reflection act of the actual reality given us to our perception. Studying the language as the cognitive mechanism playing the part in information coding and transforming is carried out by cognitive linguistics [2, p.53].

In the field of the scientific discussion of questions and problems falling into the area of cognitive linguistics and linguistics there are researches devoted to the simple sentence structural scheme (then SSSS) learning of different languages and their syntactic concepts. These investigations are relevant to linguists because the review terms of SSSS studying of this or that language take place in close connection with the clear idea of what a language sign, syntactic concept, as well as proposition, modus, surface and deep structures of simple sentences are.

In this article, we assume that “SSSS generated by the speakers for identifying syntactic concepts create the syntactical system of the particular language” [3, p.27]. As for syntactic concepts, they are nothing more than any variable types of propositions reflecting the moments

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© Zhukova M.T., 2019

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 4 (27), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

of a speech situation modified by a man who gives the sense to it. The term considered like this is adhered by S.E. Ku’zmina [4], I.P.Susov [5], G.N. Manaenko [6] and many others. Taking into account given definition, we consider a text of any work as “a code combination of structural schemes of a simple sentence” reflecting the typical propositions, namely, syntactical concepts. Reading a foreign text, we therefore work all the time on decoding «the surface structures» such as SSSS [1, p. 29] and analyze if they differ from their «deep syntactical structures»

– typical propositions or not.

Methodology of the research

Object of the study in the article is the syntactic constructions of the English sentences with the infinitive constructions.

Subject of our study is the examination of factors influencing the formation of different types of the syntactic concepts as well as lexical-and-grammatical peculiarities of their surface and deep structures.

The purpose of the research is to identify the main structures of the complex infinitive constructions, to determine the language means they are expressed by, to highlight the syntactic concepts of the English sentences containing infinitive constructions, and also to reveal the ways of the combinatory concept formation.

The examples with the infinitive constructions of continuous sampling from internetarticles of the British newspaper «The Telegraph», which has been one of the most authoritative and large-circulation newspapers since 1955 not only in Great Britain, but in the whole world, are used as the material of the study. It’s evident that in the leading papers like «The Telegraph», «The Times» and «The Independent» the modern English language standards are maintained. It is very important for our scientific work.

The mismatches in the structures have clearly occurred in the contexts containing Complex Subject and Complex Object. Since, from the SSSS conception standpoint as the language sign, we need two major components – a subject “as a part of the judgment pointing at what a speaker is thinking about” and a predicate «as the part of the judgment, which is exactly informing what the speaker is thinking about the subject» [7, p. 18], we have referred to the sentences with Complex Subject, which all the more take the largest layer of the use in the pressinternet environment.

Following V.A.Fedorov [8, p.8], the terms «construction» (structure) instead of «scheme» are used in this study as it is more appropriate in the area of the English sentence research and due to the fact that the English sentence structure is very fixed. The subject is located with the predicate S-P in the first block of the sentence unlike the Russian scheme, where there can’t sometimes be any subject. We further will adhere our designation of the infinitive structure: “complex-structural infinitive construction” (CSIC).

A review of the literature showed that any fundamental research covering the wide range of the material has not been done yet. It could, in particular, be possible to find out some works devoted to the issue of «complex subject theory» [9] or to the translation problem of «complex grammatical structures that are not common to the Russian language» [10] as well as the studies analyzing «infinitive predicative constructions» as the method of «language compression in the English language» [11].

It should be noted that a world Complex in the infinitive constructions «consisting of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses» is interpreted as «complex» which means difficult for translation. However, in the English dictionaries it has the first definition «composed of two or more parts» [1**]. As for a sentence which is called Complex it is called the sentence «consisting of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses».

As mentioned previously, we consider CSIC from the point of view of SSSS. We offer, in that regard, within our study to name them complex-structural constructions and believe that they are complex that is really hard for understanding of their surface structures, and at the same time they are composite because of their necessity to be reconstructed into the sentences

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