- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 ICAO Annex 6
- •Introduction
- •Compliance with the Law
- •Operational Control
- •Safety
- •Alternate Aerodromes
- •Flight time
- •Flight Safety and Accident Prevention
- •Maintenance Release
- •Lighting of Aircraft
- •Navigation Lights
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 EU-OPS General Requirements
- •Applicability
- •Common Language
- •Quality System
- •Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme
- •Additional Crew Members
- •Ditching
- •Carriage of Persons
- •Crew Responsibilities
- •Responsibilities of the Commander
- •Authority of the Commander
- •Admission to the Flight Deck
- •Unauthorized Carriage
- •Portable Electronic Devices
- •Drugs and Alcohol
- •Endangering Safety
- •Documents to Be Carried
- •Manuals to Be Carried
- •Additional Information and Forms to Be Carried
- •Information to Be Retained on the Ground
- •Power to Inspect
- •Production and Preservation of Documents and Recordings
- •Leasing of Aeroplanes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Operator Supervision and Certification
- •Rules for the Certification of an Air Operator
- •Applicant Requirements
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Variation, Revocation or Suspension of an AOC
- •Key Post Holders within the Operation
- •Main Operating Base
- •Aeroplanes
- •Other Considerations
- •Contents and Conditions of an AOC
- •Terminology
- •Operations Manual (OM)
- •General Rules for Operations Manuals
- •Ops Manual Amendments
- •Competence of Operations Personnel
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Operational Procedures
- •Establishment of Procedures
- •Use of Air Traffic Control
- •Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator
- •Meteorological Conditions
- •Approach and Landing Conditions
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
- •Commencement and Continuation of Approach
- •Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures
- •Noise Abatement Procedures
- •Routes and Areas of Operation
- •RVSM Operations
- •Operations in MNPS Airspace
- •Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Two-engine Aeroplanes without an ETOPS Approval
- •Extended Range Operations with Twin-engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS)
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •Fuel Policy
- •Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
- •Carriage of Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees or Persons in Custody
- •Stowage of Baggage and Cargo and Galley Equipment
- •Passenger Seating
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Flight Preparation
- •ATS Flight Plan
- •Refuelling and De-fuelling
- •Crew Members at Duty Stations
- •Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses
- •Smoking
- •Ice and Other Contaminants
- •Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Ground Proximity Detection
- •Occurrence Reporting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 All Weather Operations
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima: Operator’s Responsibility
- •Classification of Aeroplanes
- •Terminology
- •Take-off Minima
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR/Visibility
- •Figure 5.2 Exceptions
- •System Minima
- •Non-precision Approach
- •Minimum Descent Height
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR
- •No Decision Height Operations
- •Visual Reference
- •Category III RVR Requirements
- •Circling
- •Visual Approach
- •VFR Operating Minima
- •Special VFR
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments
- •Introduction
- •Basic Requirements
- •Internal Doors and Curtains
- •First Aid Kits
- •First Aid Oxygen
- •Break-in Markings
- •Means of Emergency Evacuation
- •Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs)
- •Summary
- •CVRs – Operation, Construction and Installation
- •Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)
- •Summary
- •Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules
- •Single-pilot IFR Operations
- •Altitude Alerting System
- •Standby Horizon
- •Aeroplane Lighting
- •Flights over Water
- •Long Range Flights
- •Weather Radar
- •Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions
- •Machmeter
- •ACAS
- •Communications Equipment
- •Internal Communications
- •Audio Selector Panel (ASP)
- •Navigation Equipment
- •Instrument Procedures
- •Installation
- •Electrical Circuit Fusing
- •Windshield Wipers
- •Items not Requiring Approval
- •Seats and Harnesses
- •‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
- •Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Megaphones
- •Emergency Lighting
- •Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
- •Survival Equipment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Crew, Logs and Records
- •Crew Composition
- •Commander
- •Relief of the Commander
- •Relief of the Co-pilot
- •System Panel Operator
- •Relief of System Panel Operator
- •Minimum Flight Crew for Operations under IFR or at Night
- •Conversion, Training and Checking
- •Type Rating
- •Conversion Training
- •Difference and Familiarization Training
- •Recurrent Training and Checking
- •Operator Proficiency Check
- •Line Checks
- •Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking
- •Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training
- •Ground and Refresher Training
- •Aeroplane/STD Training
- •Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat
- •Recent Experience
- •Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
- •Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
- •Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
- •Training Records
- •Cabin Crew
- •Journey Log
- •Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
- •Storage Periods
- •Flight and Duty Time Limitations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation
- •Navigation System Degradation
- •Course and INS Cross-checking
- •Unable to Continue in Accordance with ATC Clearance
- •Polar Navigation
- •Grid Navigation
- •Minimum Time Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •Introduction
- •Considerations
- •References
- •Transoceanic Navigation Problems
- •The Airspace
- •MNPS Authority
- •RVSM
- •Navigation System Requirements
- •Navigation System Serviceability
- •NAT Tracks
- •OTS Track Designation
- •OTS Changeover
- •Track Message Identifier (TMI)
- •Track Routings
- •Allocation of FLs
- •Domestic Routes
- •Polar Track Structure (PTS)
- •Other Routes within NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Route Structures Adjacent to NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA)
- •Communications
- •SELCAL
- •Position Reports
- •Radio Failure in the North Atlantic Area
- •Initial Clearance
- •Transition
- •Meteorological Reports
- •Special Contingencies and Procedures
- •Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP)
- •Deviation Around Severe Weather
- •Unable to Obtain Revised Clearance
- •Navigation System Failure
- •Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances
- •Pre-flight and In-flight Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •10 Special Operational Procedures and Hazards
- •Operating Procedures
- •Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)
- •Ground De-icing and Anti-icing Procedures
- •The Clean Aircraft Concept
- •Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance
- •Hazard to Aeroplanes
- •Bird Strike Report
- •Incompatible Land Use around Airports
- •Noise Abatement
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Fire and Smoke
- •Fire and Smoke
- •Fire in the Aeroplane
- •The Number and Location of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
- •Smoke
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Overheated Brakes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Pressurization Failure
- •Pressurization Failure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Windshear and Microburst
- •Windshear and Microburst
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Wake Turbulence
- •Wake Turbulence
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Security
- •Security
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Ditching
- •Precautionary Landing
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Evacuation
- •Megaphones
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Fuel Jettison
- •Fuel Jettison
- •Jettison System Certification Requirement
- •Jettisoning Procedure
- •Safety
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Technical Instructions
- •Labelling and Packaging
- •Loading Restrictions
- •Provision of Information
- •Emergencies
- •Training
- •Accident and Incident Reporting
- •Acceptance of Dangerous Goods
- •Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination
- •Labelling
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runway
- •Damp Runway
- •Wet Runway
- •Dry Runway
- •Contaminant Depth Limitations
- •Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
- •Braking Action
- •Coefficient of Friction
- •Performance Considerations
- •SNOWTAMs
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •20 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Index
Chapter
17
Fuel Jettison
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Jettison System Certification Requirement . . |
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17 Fuel Jettison
Jettison Fuel 17
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Fuel Jettison 17
Fuel Jettison
In the event of an emergency occurring when the aeroplane mass exceeds the maximum landing mass, and the decision of the commander to land as soon as possible, a system is fitted to the aeroplane to dump fuel by a controlled process. The system used to facilitate this is the fuel jettison system. Every aeroplane must have a fuel jettison system fitted unless the maximum landing mass exceeds the maximum take-off mass less the mass of the fuel necessary to carry out a 15 minute flight consisting of a take-off, climb to safe height, go-around and landing at the aerodrome of departure (all flown in the landing configuration). The use of a fuel jettison system in an emergency is not prohibited by the Rules of the Air prohibition on the dropping or spraying of materials from aeroplanes.
Jettison System Certification Requirement
Where a fuel jettison system is required, the system must be capable of jettisoning enough fuel in 15 minutes (starting at max take-off mass) to reduce the aeroplane mass to enable the aeroplane to meet the climb requirements of CS-25. Prior to certification, jettison trials must demonstrate that the jettison system is free from fire hazards, fuel discharges are clear of the aeroplane, fuel or fumes do not enter any part of the aeroplane and that the jettison operation does not affect the controllability of the aeroplane.
Jettisoning Procedure
Pilots of aircraft in flight are permitted to jettison fuel in an emergency. It must be borne in mind that fuel jettison is an emergency procedure to reduce aircraft mass expeditiously. The decision to jettison rests with the commander alone but the decision to jettison must be compatible with safety and the ability of the aeroplane to continue flying. When an aircraft operating within controlled airspace needs to dump fuel, the flight crew shall co-ordinate with ATC the following : route to be flown, which, if possible, should be clear of cities and towns, preferably over water and away from areas where thunderstorms have been reported or are expected, the level to be used, which should be not less than 1800 m (6000 ft) and the duration of the fuel dumping. If the use of flaps or slats adversely affects the jettisoning of fuel, their use during jettisoning must be prohibited, and a placard stating this must be positioned adjacent to the jettison control.
Safety
Unless there is an overriding requirement to jettison fuel, the aeroplane should be flown to an allocated area at an allocated height prior to commencing jettison. Consideration should be given to the weather conditions and areas of electrical storm activity should be avoided, as should areas of excessive turbulence. The no smoking light is to be illuminated and passengers briefed. ATC is to be informed that jettison is about to commence. Once jettison has begun, electrical switching should be restricted to essential use only, HF radio transmission suspended and VHF transmissions restricted to further emergency/flight safety communications only. The flow of fuel from the jettison vents is to be visually monitored (where possible) confirming flow started and flow stopped as required. During jettison manoeuvres should be smooth and the operation of flaps, slots or slats restricted to essential use only. Once the jettison is complete, ATC should be informed.
Fuel Jettison 17
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17 Questions
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1. |
Where a fuel jettison system is fitted to an aeroplane it must be capable of: |
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reducing the aeroplane mass from max take-off mass to max landing mass in |
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15 mins |
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b. |
reducing the aeroplane mass from max take-off mass to max landing mass in |
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10 mins |
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c. |
reducing the aeroplane mass from max take-off mass to max landing mass in |
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20 mins |
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d. |
reducing the aeroplane mass from max take-off mass to max landing mass in 5 |
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mins |
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2. |
Which of the following correctly describes the requirement of a fuel jettison |
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system? |
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Free from fire hazards; discharges are clear of the aeroplane; fuel or fumes |
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do not enter the aeroplane; control of the aeroplane is not affected by the |
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jettison operation |
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b. |
Free from fire hazards; discharges are clear of the aeroplane; fuel or fumes do |
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not enter the aeroplane; normal radio operation can continue |
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c. |
Free from fire hazards; discharges are clear of the aeroplane; fuel or fumes |
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do not enter the aeroplane; must be safe to use in all weather/environmental |
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conditions |
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d. |
The system must contain a protection device to stop the jettison as soon as |
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the gear is lowered, and also to prevent all tanks being drained totally |
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3. |
Fuel jettison: |
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is a procedure to reduce mass in an emergency only |
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b. |
is a procedure that may be employed to reduce aeroplane mass where an |
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overweight landing may result in damage to the aeroplane |
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c. |
may be authorized by ATC to reduce delays by protracted holding procedures |
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d. |
may be ordered by ATC to reduce aeroplane mass in an emergency situation |
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4. |
Fuel is to be jettisoned: |
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over the sea and then only above 10 000 ft |
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over the sea, or over land above 10 000 ft agl |
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c. |
anywhere and at any height if unavoidable in an emergency |
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d. |
over the sea, or over land above 4000 ft in summer or 7000 ft in winter |
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5. |
The following aeroplanes are required to have a jettison system: |
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all public transport aeroplanes |
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only public transport aeroplanes with MTMA greater than 5700 kg |
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c. |
all public transport aeroplanes requiring two pilots |
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d. |
all aeroplanes, except where the max landing mass exceeds the max take-off |
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mass less the mass of fuel required for a 15 minute flight to land back at the |
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aerodrome of departure |
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Questions 17
6.When jettisoning fuel, safety is an overriding consideration. Which of the following lists correctly identifies items to be considered when planning to jettison fuel?
a.Smoking; HF Radio; operation of flaps/gear/slats; weather conditions
b.Height; speed; ATC clearance; weather; area
c.Time required; position; other aeroplanes; proximity of cloud; aeroplane attitude
d.OAT; wind direction; altitude; time of day; airspace restrictions; any other emergencies
7.Once jettison has begun:
a.passengers are restricted to their seats and strapped in
b.normal operation of flaps/gear and lift enhancers is permitted
c.HF radios may be used but limited to essential transmissions only
d.fuel flow from the vents is to be visually monitored (where possible)
8.Once the fuel jettison is complete:
a.it is essential that the fuel remaining is balanced in the tanks and a revised endurance calculated
b.ATC is to be informed that jettison is complete
c.the NO SMOKING light is to be extinguished
d.normal food distribution service is to recommence
Questions 17
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