- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 ICAO Annex 6
- •Introduction
- •Compliance with the Law
- •Operational Control
- •Safety
- •Alternate Aerodromes
- •Flight time
- •Flight Safety and Accident Prevention
- •Maintenance Release
- •Lighting of Aircraft
- •Navigation Lights
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 EU-OPS General Requirements
- •Applicability
- •Common Language
- •Quality System
- •Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme
- •Additional Crew Members
- •Ditching
- •Carriage of Persons
- •Crew Responsibilities
- •Responsibilities of the Commander
- •Authority of the Commander
- •Admission to the Flight Deck
- •Unauthorized Carriage
- •Portable Electronic Devices
- •Drugs and Alcohol
- •Endangering Safety
- •Documents to Be Carried
- •Manuals to Be Carried
- •Additional Information and Forms to Be Carried
- •Information to Be Retained on the Ground
- •Power to Inspect
- •Production and Preservation of Documents and Recordings
- •Leasing of Aeroplanes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Operator Supervision and Certification
- •Rules for the Certification of an Air Operator
- •Applicant Requirements
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Variation, Revocation or Suspension of an AOC
- •Key Post Holders within the Operation
- •Main Operating Base
- •Aeroplanes
- •Other Considerations
- •Contents and Conditions of an AOC
- •Terminology
- •Operations Manual (OM)
- •General Rules for Operations Manuals
- •Ops Manual Amendments
- •Competence of Operations Personnel
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Operational Procedures
- •Establishment of Procedures
- •Use of Air Traffic Control
- •Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator
- •Meteorological Conditions
- •Approach and Landing Conditions
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
- •Commencement and Continuation of Approach
- •Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures
- •Noise Abatement Procedures
- •Routes and Areas of Operation
- •RVSM Operations
- •Operations in MNPS Airspace
- •Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Two-engine Aeroplanes without an ETOPS Approval
- •Extended Range Operations with Twin-engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS)
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •Fuel Policy
- •Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
- •Carriage of Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees or Persons in Custody
- •Stowage of Baggage and Cargo and Galley Equipment
- •Passenger Seating
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Flight Preparation
- •ATS Flight Plan
- •Refuelling and De-fuelling
- •Crew Members at Duty Stations
- •Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses
- •Smoking
- •Ice and Other Contaminants
- •Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Ground Proximity Detection
- •Occurrence Reporting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 All Weather Operations
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima: Operator’s Responsibility
- •Classification of Aeroplanes
- •Terminology
- •Take-off Minima
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR/Visibility
- •Figure 5.2 Exceptions
- •System Minima
- •Non-precision Approach
- •Minimum Descent Height
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR
- •No Decision Height Operations
- •Visual Reference
- •Category III RVR Requirements
- •Circling
- •Visual Approach
- •VFR Operating Minima
- •Special VFR
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments
- •Introduction
- •Basic Requirements
- •Internal Doors and Curtains
- •First Aid Kits
- •First Aid Oxygen
- •Break-in Markings
- •Means of Emergency Evacuation
- •Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs)
- •Summary
- •CVRs – Operation, Construction and Installation
- •Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)
- •Summary
- •Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules
- •Single-pilot IFR Operations
- •Altitude Alerting System
- •Standby Horizon
- •Aeroplane Lighting
- •Flights over Water
- •Long Range Flights
- •Weather Radar
- •Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions
- •Machmeter
- •ACAS
- •Communications Equipment
- •Internal Communications
- •Audio Selector Panel (ASP)
- •Navigation Equipment
- •Instrument Procedures
- •Installation
- •Electrical Circuit Fusing
- •Windshield Wipers
- •Items not Requiring Approval
- •Seats and Harnesses
- •‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
- •Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Megaphones
- •Emergency Lighting
- •Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
- •Survival Equipment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Crew, Logs and Records
- •Crew Composition
- •Commander
- •Relief of the Commander
- •Relief of the Co-pilot
- •System Panel Operator
- •Relief of System Panel Operator
- •Minimum Flight Crew for Operations under IFR or at Night
- •Conversion, Training and Checking
- •Type Rating
- •Conversion Training
- •Difference and Familiarization Training
- •Recurrent Training and Checking
- •Operator Proficiency Check
- •Line Checks
- •Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking
- •Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training
- •Ground and Refresher Training
- •Aeroplane/STD Training
- •Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat
- •Recent Experience
- •Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
- •Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
- •Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
- •Training Records
- •Cabin Crew
- •Journey Log
- •Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
- •Storage Periods
- •Flight and Duty Time Limitations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation
- •Navigation System Degradation
- •Course and INS Cross-checking
- •Unable to Continue in Accordance with ATC Clearance
- •Polar Navigation
- •Grid Navigation
- •Minimum Time Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •Introduction
- •Considerations
- •References
- •Transoceanic Navigation Problems
- •The Airspace
- •MNPS Authority
- •RVSM
- •Navigation System Requirements
- •Navigation System Serviceability
- •NAT Tracks
- •OTS Track Designation
- •OTS Changeover
- •Track Message Identifier (TMI)
- •Track Routings
- •Allocation of FLs
- •Domestic Routes
- •Polar Track Structure (PTS)
- •Other Routes within NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Route Structures Adjacent to NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA)
- •Communications
- •SELCAL
- •Position Reports
- •Radio Failure in the North Atlantic Area
- •Initial Clearance
- •Transition
- •Meteorological Reports
- •Special Contingencies and Procedures
- •Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP)
- •Deviation Around Severe Weather
- •Unable to Obtain Revised Clearance
- •Navigation System Failure
- •Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances
- •Pre-flight and In-flight Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •10 Special Operational Procedures and Hazards
- •Operating Procedures
- •Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)
- •Ground De-icing and Anti-icing Procedures
- •The Clean Aircraft Concept
- •Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance
- •Hazard to Aeroplanes
- •Bird Strike Report
- •Incompatible Land Use around Airports
- •Noise Abatement
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Fire and Smoke
- •Fire and Smoke
- •Fire in the Aeroplane
- •The Number and Location of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
- •Smoke
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Overheated Brakes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Pressurization Failure
- •Pressurization Failure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Windshear and Microburst
- •Windshear and Microburst
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Wake Turbulence
- •Wake Turbulence
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Security
- •Security
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Ditching
- •Precautionary Landing
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Evacuation
- •Megaphones
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Fuel Jettison
- •Fuel Jettison
- •Jettison System Certification Requirement
- •Jettisoning Procedure
- •Safety
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Technical Instructions
- •Labelling and Packaging
- •Loading Restrictions
- •Provision of Information
- •Emergencies
- •Training
- •Accident and Incident Reporting
- •Acceptance of Dangerous Goods
- •Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination
- •Labelling
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runway
- •Damp Runway
- •Wet Runway
- •Dry Runway
- •Contaminant Depth Limitations
- •Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
- •Braking Action
- •Coefficient of Friction
- •Performance Considerations
- •SNOWTAMs
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •20 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Index
Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments |
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Electrical Circuit Fusing
Most circuit protection systems fitted to aeroplanes use circuit breakers rather than fuses. However, where fuses are fitted to aeroplanes there must be a supply of replacement fuses for use in flight (for fuses which can be replaced in flight). There must be at least 10% of each type and fuse rating with the proviso that there are not less than 3 of each.
Windshield Wipers
Windshield wipers (or an equivalent means of clearing precipitation) are required to be fitted at each pilot station if the MTOM is greater than 5700 kg.
Items not Requiring Approval
The following items do not require an equipment approval:
•Fuses.
•Torches.
•Time pieces.
•Chart holders.
•First aid kits and emergency medical kits.
•Megaphones.
•Survival and pyrotechnic signalling equipment.
•Child restraint devices.
Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments 1
Seats and Harnesses
A seat or a berth is to be provided for all persons on board over the age of two. Each passenger seat is to be equipped with a safety belt with or without a diagonal strap, or a safety harness. Acceptable child restraint devices may be used for each infant.
Each flight crew member seat (including seats alongside pilots’ seats) is to be fitted with a safety belt and shoulder harness together with a device to automatically restrain the occupant in the event of sudden deceleration. Cabin crew seats are to have safety belts with shoulder harnesses (additional cabin crew may use passenger seats).
All safety belts with shoulder harnesses must have a single point of release.
For aeroplanes with a MTOM of 5700 kg or less, rather than belt with shoulder harness, the crew seats can be fitted with belts with diagonal shoulder strap.
For aeroplanes with a MTOM of 2730 kg or less, the diagonal shoulder strap is not needed.
‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
Aeroplanes in which the passenger seating is not visible from the flight deck are to be fitted with signs to alert the passengers and cabin crew when seat belts are to be fastened or when smoking is not permitted.
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Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments |
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Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen |
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The requirements for the carriage of supplemental oxygen (an oxygen supply that supplements |
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the natural oxygen in the atmosphere) is summarized in the two tables below. |
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The minimum requirements for supplemental oxygen to be carried in pressurized aeroplanes |
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(Note 1), are as follows: |
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Supply For: |
Duration and Cabin Pressure Altitude |
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Aeroplane |
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Entire flight time when the cabin pressure |
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exceeds 13 000 ft and entire flight time when |
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Equipment |
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cabin pressure exceeds 10 000 ft but does not |
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exceed 13 000 ft after the first 30 minutes at |
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those altitudes, but in no case less than: |
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All occupants of flight deck |
(i) 30 minutes for aeroplanes certificated to fly |
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Instruments |
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(ii) 2 hours for aeroplanes certificated to fly |
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at altitudes not exceeding 25 000 ft (note 2) |
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at altitudes more than 25 000 ft (note 3) The |
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masks fitted to these aircraft must be “quick- |
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don” style |
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Entire flight time when cabin pressure altitude |
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exceeds 13 000 ft but not less than 30 minutes |
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2. |
All required cabin crew |
(note 2), and entire flight time when cabin |
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members |
pressure altitude is greater than 10 000 ft but |
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does not exceed 13 000 ft after the first 30 |
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minutes at these altitudes |
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Entire flight time when the cabin pressure |
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3. |
100% of passengers (note 5) |
altitude exceeds 15 000 ft but in no case less |
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than 10 minutes (note 4). |
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Entire flight time when the cabin pressure |
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30% of passengers (note 5) |
altitude exceeds 14 000 ft but does not exceed |
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15 000 ft |
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Entire flight time when the cabin pressure |
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10% of passengers (note 5) |
altitude exceeds 10 000 ft but does not exceed |
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14 000 ft after the first 30 minutes at these |
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altitudes. |
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84
Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments |
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Notes:
1.The supply provided must take account of the cabin pressure altitude descent profile for the routes concerned.
2.The required minimum supply is that quantity of oxygen necessary for a constant rate of descent from the aeroplane’s maximum certificated operating altitude to 10 000 ft in10 minutes followed by 20 minutes at 10 000 ft.
3.The required minimum supply is that quantity of oxygen necessary for a constant rate of descent from the aeroplane’s maximum certificated operating altitude to 10 000 ft in 10 minutes followed by 110 minutes at 10 000 ft.
4.The required minimum supply is that quantity of oxygen necessary for a constant rate of descent from the aeroplane’s maximum certificated operating altitude to 15 000 ft in 10 minutes.
5.For the purpose of this table ‘passengers’ means passengers actually carried and includes infants.
The minimum requirements for supplemental oxygen to be carried in un-pressurized aeroplanes are as follows:
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Supply For: |
Duration and Pressure Altitude |
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Entire flight time at pressure altitudes above |
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10 000 ft |
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Entire flight time at pressure altitudes above |
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All required cabin crew |
13 000 ft |
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minutes at pressure altitudes above 10 000 ft |
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but not exceeding 13 000 ft |
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100% of passengers (see |
Entire flight time at pressure altitudes above |
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13 000 ft |
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10% of passengers (see |
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exceeding 13 000 ft |
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Note: For the purpose of this table ‘passengers’ means passengers actually carried and includes infants under the age of 2.
Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments 1
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Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments |
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Instruments and Equipment Aeroplane 1
Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
All aeroplanes with certificated MTOM > 5700 kg or having maximum seating configuration of more than 19 is requires to have:
•Flight Crew: PBE for each flight crew member to protect eyes, nose and mouth (‘quick don’) and to provide oxygen for a period of not less than 15 minutes. The oxygen supply for this can be from the main supplemental oxygen supply. The ‘quick don’ is to be located such that it is easily accessible for immediate use by each required flight crew member. If the flight crew is more than one and no cabin crew is carried, portable PBE for one crew member meeting the above standard is to be carried.
•Cabin crew: Sufficient PBE for all cabin crew for a period of not less than 15 minutes. The PBE must be installed adjacent to each cabin crew member duty station.
•Additional PBE: Easily accessible portable PBE is to be located at or adjacent to the required hand-held fire extinguishers in galleys not located on the main passenger deck, or Class A or B cargo compartment. For the cargo compartment the PBE must be stowed outside the compartment but adjacent to the entrance to the compartment.
Crash Axes and Crowbars
Aeroplanes with a maximum take-off mass exceeding 5700 kg or having a passenger seating configuration of more than nine are to be equipped with a crash axe or crowbar located on the flight deck. Aeroplanes with a passenger seating configuration of more than 200 are required to carry an additional crash axe or crowbar stowed in the rearmost galley area. Axes or crowbars stowed in the passenger cabin are not to be visible to the passengers.
Megaphones
An operator shall not operate an aeroplane with a maximum approved passenger seating configuration of more than 60 and carrying one or more passengers unless it is equipped with portable battery-powered megaphones (‘bull horn’) readily accessible for use by crew members during an emergency evacuation, to the following scale for each passenger deck:
Passenger Seating Configuration |
Number of Megaphones Required |
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61 - 99 |
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100 or more |
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For aeroplanes with more than one passenger deck, in all cases when the total passenger seating configuration is more than 60, at least 1 megaphone is required.
Emergency Lighting
The rules for emergency lighting are complex and vary according to dates of certification and the approved passenger seating configuration. Generally, emergency lighting is required to be provided for evacuation of the aeroplane, which has an independent power source that provides power after the aircraft batteries have been switched off. The lighting can be provided from:
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