- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 ICAO Annex 6
- •Introduction
- •Compliance with the Law
- •Operational Control
- •Safety
- •Alternate Aerodromes
- •Flight time
- •Flight Safety and Accident Prevention
- •Maintenance Release
- •Lighting of Aircraft
- •Navigation Lights
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 EU-OPS General Requirements
- •Applicability
- •Common Language
- •Quality System
- •Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme
- •Additional Crew Members
- •Ditching
- •Carriage of Persons
- •Crew Responsibilities
- •Responsibilities of the Commander
- •Authority of the Commander
- •Admission to the Flight Deck
- •Unauthorized Carriage
- •Portable Electronic Devices
- •Drugs and Alcohol
- •Endangering Safety
- •Documents to Be Carried
- •Manuals to Be Carried
- •Additional Information and Forms to Be Carried
- •Information to Be Retained on the Ground
- •Power to Inspect
- •Production and Preservation of Documents and Recordings
- •Leasing of Aeroplanes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Operator Supervision and Certification
- •Rules for the Certification of an Air Operator
- •Applicant Requirements
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Variation, Revocation or Suspension of an AOC
- •Key Post Holders within the Operation
- •Main Operating Base
- •Aeroplanes
- •Other Considerations
- •Contents and Conditions of an AOC
- •Terminology
- •Operations Manual (OM)
- •General Rules for Operations Manuals
- •Ops Manual Amendments
- •Competence of Operations Personnel
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Operational Procedures
- •Establishment of Procedures
- •Use of Air Traffic Control
- •Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator
- •Meteorological Conditions
- •Approach and Landing Conditions
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
- •Commencement and Continuation of Approach
- •Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures
- •Noise Abatement Procedures
- •Routes and Areas of Operation
- •RVSM Operations
- •Operations in MNPS Airspace
- •Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Two-engine Aeroplanes without an ETOPS Approval
- •Extended Range Operations with Twin-engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS)
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •Fuel Policy
- •Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
- •Carriage of Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees or Persons in Custody
- •Stowage of Baggage and Cargo and Galley Equipment
- •Passenger Seating
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Flight Preparation
- •ATS Flight Plan
- •Refuelling and De-fuelling
- •Crew Members at Duty Stations
- •Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses
- •Smoking
- •Ice and Other Contaminants
- •Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Ground Proximity Detection
- •Occurrence Reporting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 All Weather Operations
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima: Operator’s Responsibility
- •Classification of Aeroplanes
- •Terminology
- •Take-off Minima
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR/Visibility
- •Figure 5.2 Exceptions
- •System Minima
- •Non-precision Approach
- •Minimum Descent Height
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR
- •No Decision Height Operations
- •Visual Reference
- •Category III RVR Requirements
- •Circling
- •Visual Approach
- •VFR Operating Minima
- •Special VFR
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments
- •Introduction
- •Basic Requirements
- •Internal Doors and Curtains
- •First Aid Kits
- •First Aid Oxygen
- •Break-in Markings
- •Means of Emergency Evacuation
- •Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs)
- •Summary
- •CVRs – Operation, Construction and Installation
- •Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)
- •Summary
- •Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules
- •Single-pilot IFR Operations
- •Altitude Alerting System
- •Standby Horizon
- •Aeroplane Lighting
- •Flights over Water
- •Long Range Flights
- •Weather Radar
- •Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions
- •Machmeter
- •ACAS
- •Communications Equipment
- •Internal Communications
- •Audio Selector Panel (ASP)
- •Navigation Equipment
- •Instrument Procedures
- •Installation
- •Electrical Circuit Fusing
- •Windshield Wipers
- •Items not Requiring Approval
- •Seats and Harnesses
- •‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
- •Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Megaphones
- •Emergency Lighting
- •Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
- •Survival Equipment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Crew, Logs and Records
- •Crew Composition
- •Commander
- •Relief of the Commander
- •Relief of the Co-pilot
- •System Panel Operator
- •Relief of System Panel Operator
- •Minimum Flight Crew for Operations under IFR or at Night
- •Conversion, Training and Checking
- •Type Rating
- •Conversion Training
- •Difference and Familiarization Training
- •Recurrent Training and Checking
- •Operator Proficiency Check
- •Line Checks
- •Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking
- •Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training
- •Ground and Refresher Training
- •Aeroplane/STD Training
- •Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat
- •Recent Experience
- •Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
- •Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
- •Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
- •Training Records
- •Cabin Crew
- •Journey Log
- •Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
- •Storage Periods
- •Flight and Duty Time Limitations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation
- •Navigation System Degradation
- •Course and INS Cross-checking
- •Unable to Continue in Accordance with ATC Clearance
- •Polar Navigation
- •Grid Navigation
- •Minimum Time Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •Introduction
- •Considerations
- •References
- •Transoceanic Navigation Problems
- •The Airspace
- •MNPS Authority
- •RVSM
- •Navigation System Requirements
- •Navigation System Serviceability
- •NAT Tracks
- •OTS Track Designation
- •OTS Changeover
- •Track Message Identifier (TMI)
- •Track Routings
- •Allocation of FLs
- •Domestic Routes
- •Polar Track Structure (PTS)
- •Other Routes within NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Route Structures Adjacent to NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA)
- •Communications
- •SELCAL
- •Position Reports
- •Radio Failure in the North Atlantic Area
- •Initial Clearance
- •Transition
- •Meteorological Reports
- •Special Contingencies and Procedures
- •Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP)
- •Deviation Around Severe Weather
- •Unable to Obtain Revised Clearance
- •Navigation System Failure
- •Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances
- •Pre-flight and In-flight Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •10 Special Operational Procedures and Hazards
- •Operating Procedures
- •Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)
- •Ground De-icing and Anti-icing Procedures
- •The Clean Aircraft Concept
- •Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance
- •Hazard to Aeroplanes
- •Bird Strike Report
- •Incompatible Land Use around Airports
- •Noise Abatement
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Fire and Smoke
- •Fire and Smoke
- •Fire in the Aeroplane
- •The Number and Location of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
- •Smoke
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Overheated Brakes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Pressurization Failure
- •Pressurization Failure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Windshear and Microburst
- •Windshear and Microburst
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Wake Turbulence
- •Wake Turbulence
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Security
- •Security
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Ditching
- •Precautionary Landing
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Evacuation
- •Megaphones
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Fuel Jettison
- •Fuel Jettison
- •Jettison System Certification Requirement
- •Jettisoning Procedure
- •Safety
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Technical Instructions
- •Labelling and Packaging
- •Loading Restrictions
- •Provision of Information
- •Emergencies
- •Training
- •Accident and Incident Reporting
- •Acceptance of Dangerous Goods
- •Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination
- •Labelling
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runway
- •Damp Runway
- •Wet Runway
- •Dry Runway
- •Contaminant Depth Limitations
- •Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
- •Braking Action
- •Coefficient of Friction
- •Performance Considerations
- •SNOWTAMs
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •20 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Index
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Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
Before being allocated duty as Commander or PF, the operator is to ensure that the pilot has obtained adequate knowledge of the route to be flown and of the aerodromes (including alternates), facilities and procedures to be used.
The period of validity of the competence is 12 months in addition to the remainder of the month of qualification, or the month of latest operation on the route or to the aerodrome. The method of revalidating is to be by operating the route (or to the aerodrome) within the period of validity. The 3 month rule also applies.
Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
Flight crew members are only permitted to operate more than one type or variant if competent to do so. When making a decision to use more than one type or different variants of a type, operators must consider and justify the use taking account of:
•The level of technology.
•Operational Procedures.
•Handling characteristics.
Where more than one type or variants is to be used, the OM must include:
•Details of the minimum experience level of flight crew.
•The minimum experience level on one type or variant before beginning training for another type or variant.
•The training process to be employed.
•The applicable recent experience requirements for each type or variant.
Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
If a flight crew member operates both aeroplanes and helicopters, the operator is to ensure that the helicopters and aeroplanes flown are limited to one type of each. The operator is also required to detail the appropriate procedures and/or operational restrictions (as approved by the Authority) in the OM.
Training Records
The operator is to maintain records of all training (courses), checking and qualifications undertaken by a flight crew member, and to make all such course records available, on request, to each flight crew member.
Cabin Crew
A cabin crew member is a person who is assigned by the operator to undertake tasks in the cabin and shall be identifiable by virtue of an operator’s cabin crew uniform to passengers as a cabin crew member. EU-OPS defines a cabin crew member as a crew member, other than a flight crew member, who performs in the interest of safety of passengers, duties assigned by the operator or the Commander of the aeroplane.
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Training
Each cabin crew member is to have successfully completed an approved initial course of training. After the initial course, or before converting from one aeroplane type to another, a conversion course is to be successfully completed. The crew member is also to complete the operator’s CRM training and Aeroplane Type Specific CRM training as defined in EU-OPS. Before operating a different variant of the type or an aeroplane with different safety equipment fitted, difference training must be completed.
Numbers and Composition of Cabin Crew
The following is the requirement for the inclusion of cabin crew on an aeroplane:
•If the aeroplane has a maximum approved passenger seating more than 19 with at least one passenger on board, at least one cabin crew member is to be included in the crew.
•For every 50 (or fractions of 50) passenger seats installed on the same deck, one cabin crew member is to be included in the crew. Alternatively, the requirement is the number of cabin crew members required to actively participate in a demonstration evacuation of the aeroplane, with the proviso that one cabin crew member may be dispensed with for every 50 passenger seats (or multiples of 50) that the actual number of seats is reduced by.
•The Authority may specify additional cabin crew members.
•In unforeseen circumstances the required number of cabin crew members may be reduced provided that the number of passengers has been reduced in accordance with the procedures specified in the OM, and a report is submitted to the Authority after the flight.
Minimum Requirements for Appointment as Cabin Crew
To be appointed as cabin crew a person must:
•Be at least 18 years of age.
•Be medically fit (passed an initial medical assessment) and physically capable of discharging the duties specified in the OM.
•Have completed an acceptable initial training course.
•Have completed an acceptable conversion course.
•Have undergone recurrent training in accordance with procedures laid down in the OM.
The operator is to ensure that each cabin crew member is competent to perform the required duties in accordance with the procedures specified in the OM.
Senior Cabin Crew Members
In aeroplanes where more than one cabin crew member is required, one member of the cabin crew is to be appointed the Senior Cabin Crew Member. The appointed crew member is to have not less than one year’s experience and have successfully completed an appropriate course of training including appropriate CRM training. The Senior Cabin Crew Member is to be responsible to the Commander for the conduct and co-ordination of normal and emergency procedures as specified in the OM. In the absence of instructions from the Commander, during turbulence the Senior Cabin Crew Member is entitled to suspend non-safety related activities and request the ‘fasten seat belt’ sign.
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The Senior Cabin Crew Member must be specifically trained;
•To give pre-flight cabin crew briefings.
•In Crew Co-operation.
•On the operator’s legal responsibilities.
•In human factors/CRM.
•On accident/incident reporting.
•On flight and duty time limitations.
Operation on MoreThan OneType orVariant
Usually, a cabin crew member is not permitted to operate on more than three aeroplane types. Exceptionally, the Authority may approve operation of up to four types with the proviso that for at least two of the types, non-specific normal and emergency procedures are the same and safety equipment and type specific normal and emergency procedures are similar. For the purpose of this rule, aeroplane variants are considered to be different if they have different:
•Emergency exit operation.
•Location and type of portable safety equipment, and
•Type specific emergency procedures.
Journey Log
An operator shall retain the following information for each flight in the form of a journey log:
•Aeroplane registration.
•Date.
•Name(s) of crew members(s).
•Crew member(s) duty.
•Place of departure.
•Place of arrival.
•Time of departure (off blocks).
•Time of arrival (on blocks).
•Flight hours.
•Nature of flight.
•Incidents, observations (if any), and
•Commander’s signature.
A journey log can be replaced if relevant information is available in other documentation. All entries are to be made concurrently and are to be permanent in nature.
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Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
An operator is to ensure that the OFP used and the entries during flight contain the following:
•Registration.
•Type and variant.
•Date of flight.
•Flight identification.
•Names of flight crew members.
•Flight crew members’ duties.
•Place of departure.
•Time of departure (off blocks and take-off).
•Place of arrival (planned and actual).
•Time of arrival (actual landing and block time).
•Type of operation (ETOPS, VFR, ferry flight etc.).
•Route and route segments with checkpoints/waypoints, distances, times and tracks.
•Planned cruising speed and flying times between checkpoints/waypoints. Estimate and actual times overhead.*
•Safe altitudes and minimum levels.*
•Planned altitudes and flight levels.*
•Fuel calculations (records of in-flight fuel checks)*
•Fuel on board when starting engines.
•Alternate(s) for destination and where applicable, take-off and en route. Initial ATS flight plan clearance and re-clearance.
•In-flight re-planning calculations, and
•Relevant met information.
* The items indicated must also be included for diversion routes and alternate airfields if applicable.
Information readily available in other documentation from other sources, or irrelevant to the operation may be omitted from the operational flight plan. A description of the layout and use of the operational flight plan must be included in the OM. All entries are made concurrently and are permanent in nature.
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