3. Тексти по спеціалізації

Read and translate text 1.

The World Wide Web

(1)The World Wide Web, today (2)taken for granted, dates back only a little over 10 years, when a Briton, Tim Berners-Lee, developed a way for himself and colleagues at (3)the European Nuclear Research Centre (CERN) in Switzerland (4)to share information.

His work (5)evolved into (6)a world-wide facility on the Internet which (7)gives access to information on computers (8)run by organizations across the world, displayed as web “pages” on their web “sites”.

Part of the success of the Web is (9)down to the fact that it is easy to use.

Users have (10)a piece of software called a (11)Web browser: the main ones are Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, and Netscape. Here, users can type in a website address or (12)URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – that’s the bit that usually starts http: www.

The Internet is sometimes described as the world’s largest library, but (13)unlike a library it doesn’t have a central index. So if you don’t know the (14)precise web address you usually call up a program which (15)enables you to type in words (16)related to what you (17)are looking for, and the system suggests some (18)relevant websites.

Some of these (19)searching services, such as Yahoo, Excite and Alta Vista, also (20)offer e-mail, (21)chat facilities, shopping, and other services.

(22)Trawling the Internet looking at various sites is called (23)“surfing”, as in “surfing the net”.

Once in a website, a click of the mouse on highlighted words or pictures brings up more detailed information by providing links-known as “hypertext” links – to other web pages at the same site or even to different sites on other computers.

1) всесвітня комп’ютерна мережа; 2) приймати за належне; 3) Європейський центр ядерних досліджень; 4) ділитися /обмінюватися інформацією; 5) що розгортається у; 6) світове обладнання; 7. дають доступ до інформації; 8) всесвітній засіб; 9) що керується/управляється; 10) частина програмного забезпечення; 11) браузер (програма веб-перегляду, навігатор); 12) уніфікований /однорідний пристрій локалізації ресурсів; 13) на відміну від; 14) точний, правильний; 15) дає можливість; 16) зв’язані з (споріднені з); 17) шукати; 18) доречний; 19) пошукові послуги; 20) пропонують; 21) засоби/можливості обміну інформацією; 22) траління; 23. серфінг (використання).

Read and translate text 2.

How the Internet Works

The Internet is a (1)combination of large and small (2)computer networks world-wide. The number of networks connected has grown from 350 just over 10 years ago to tens of thousands today.

The reason all this is possible is that the (3)entire world has adopted a (4)common standard for computer communication on the Internet.

The agreement over this standard, called (5)TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), means that any computer (6)attached to the Internet can (7)direct messages to any other and read messages from completely different types of computer. It even means messages can be sent to mobile telephones and other devices that can be held in the hand.

And the beauty of all this is that users on their PCs at home or at work do not have to worry about how their messages get sent: the system just works, in the same way that the telephone or television or television just works.

The Internet also (8)depends on the support of local and national telecommunications companies, which (9)provide the international links. They, plus the (10)ISPS (International Standardized Profile System), (11)allow people to send e-mail across the world or to a friend down the road, or to access information held on a computer anywhere on earth, for no more that the cost of a local phone call. Typically, Internet service companies also (12)charge a fairly modest monthly (13)fee.

But neither these companies, nor any government or international agency owns the Internet. And it cannot be switched off. In the future, we will increasingly access the Internet through our televisions. In fact, the UK already leads the world in implementing interactive television with nearly 4 million households now thought to be accessing such services. Researchers believe that (14)surfing the Internet (15)via interactive television will eventually replace the PC in our homes as the two (16)technologies converge.

1) комбінація; 2) всесвітні комп’ютерні мережі; 3) весь, цілий; 4) загальний стандарт; 5) протокол керування передаванням/міжмережевий протокол/ протокол TCP/IP; 6) підключений до; 7) надсилати повідомлення; 8) залежить від підтримки; 9) забезпечує міжнародні посилання; 10) система міжнародних функціональних стандартів; 11) дозволяти; 12) назначати, встановлювати; 13) платня; 14) використання; 15) через; 16) технології, що злилися в одну.

Read and translate text 3.

The Internet: The Future

It is a (1) natural law that the Internet must grow faster or become (2) irrelevant to the faster computers of tomorrow; but will be up the task?

This depends largely on the (3) information transfer technology that underlies the Internet. We need to be able to send trillions of bits of

information (4) per second down (5) optical fibres for the Internet’s (6) capacity to stay ahead of the (7) rapid increase in chip speeds. And the (8) intermediary devices on networks – such as (9) routers, which switch information from one link on the Internet to the next – also need to get faster.

The us government has launched an initiative called the (10)Next Generation Internet (NGI). The aim is to create advanced version of the Internet and inspire the creation of new (11)applications.

Today, the (12)World Wide Web and e-mail are (13)the most widespread and popular applications, but there are many others, ranging from telephony over the Internet, to multiplayer games, military command and control, and many more that have not even been envisaged yet.

Of course, the world of the (14)ever-faster and powerful Internet is not without problems. One (15)major barrier to progress is not going away very fast – the ability to connect to homes and small businesses (16)at high speed and (17)low cost. Most who use the Internet from home are still stuck behind a (18)dial-up modem, which more or less tops out at speeds of 56 Kbit/sec.

The cost of (19)surfing the net is the same per minute as the cost of a (20)local telephone call. The UK’s (21)telecommunications costs are high (22)in comparison to most parts of the us, where local telephone calls are free.

Another important issue here is the ability of (23)human beings to manage and absorb the (24)huge amounts of information we can now access so easily (25)via the Internet. The cry of (26)“information overload” is getting louder. While there are programs to help us filter the wheat from the chaff, the battle to stay on top of the vast amounts of information at our disposal is getting harder. The next wave of the Internet will be characterized by (27)broadband technology and mobile applications that “push” information at us, instead of us having to retrieve or “pull” data towards us.

Thankfully, these more sophisticated systems will also be able to personalize the information we receive so that it is always to us. This should go some way towards helping us cope with information overload – so long as companies keep our personal profiles are kept up-to-date, and information is not withheld from individuals for dubious reasons.

All in all, we can expect wonderful experiences from the Internet of the future, but we must be prepared to manage its evolution for the good of everyone.

1) закон природи; 2) недоречний; 3) технологія передачі інформації ; 4) за секунду; 5) світлопровід; 6) ємність; 7) швидке зростання; 8) проміжні пристрої; 9) маршрутизатор; 10) Інтернет наступного покоління; 11) застосування, прикладна програма; 12) мережа "всесвітня павутина",; 13) найпоширеніший; 14) завжди швидкого; 15) головний бар’єр; 16) з високою швидкістю; 17) за низькою ціною (вартості); 18) комутований модем; 19) використання мережі; 20) місцевий телефонний дзвінок; 21) ціни (вартості) телезв’язку 22) у порівнянні з; 23) люди; 24) величезні обсяг інформації; 25) через; 26) "інформаційне перевантаження"; 27) широкосмугова технологія.

Read and translate text 4.

The Internet in Action

The Internet and the (1)Web have made (2)communication and (3)searching for information across the world relatively simple and cheap. And they have also brought new (4)opportunities, (5)challenges and (6)food for thought to people who serve society in many different ways, in such things as companies, education, health, and government.

In education, the Internet and the Web (7)open the prospect of schools in different countries exchanging examples of their work, sharing lessons run by teachers many miles away, getting (8)occasional lessons from experts in a particular field, and chatting with students in other countries in their own language, all through computers.

As in other fields, the Web can (9)bring the world into the traditional classroom – or (10)demand a rethink of the whole way classes are run: after all, if teachers can give lessons from other countries, why not have your own teachers running lessons from their homes to you in yours?

Money could be saved on school buildings. Students could go to school only when the (11)nature of the lesson made this totally necessary.

Still on education, people who would like to get trained in a new area (12)to improve their career chances but who cannot spare the time off work can get (13)courses online. They can get the (14)training materials from the Web and work on their PCS. They can often (15)join in classes and discussions (16)via the Internet.

In health, there is the possibility of specialist surgeons being consulted via the Internet, with the surgeon, a (17)local consultant and a family doctor all communicating via the Web and sharing X-rays which have been stored digitally on a computer.

The Army is already doing this, using (18)ordinary digital cameras linked via a PC to the Internet to send pictures of soldiers’ (19)injuries to a (20)military hospital in the UK to get expert advice on treatment. In 2000, the Prime Minister announced the UK Online initiative, aiming to make all appropriate government services available online by 2005. (21)Targets include hospital appointment bookings made online while a patient is in the doctor’s surgery; applications for jobs via online kiosks in Job Centers, museums, art galleries, and libraries online, and online applications for passports, driving licenses, and road tax.

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1) мережа “Всесвітня павутина”; 2) спілкування; 3) пошук інформації; 4) можливості; 5) ; 6) їжа для розуму; 7) відкривати перспективу; 8) випадкові заняття; 9) вмістити світ в; 10) вимога; 11) характер заняття; 12) поліпшувати свої професійні можливості; 13) на екрані (доступні за допомогою комп’ютера); 14) навчальні матеріали; 15) вступати; 16) через; 17) місцева консультація; 18) звичайні цифрові камери; 19) ушкодження, поранення; 20) військовий госпіталь; 21) цілі.

Read and translate text 5.

Types of Software

Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer hardware what to do. Without software, the IBM PC would merely be a curious collection of wires and electrical components of little practical value. There are basically two types of software: systems software and application software. Systems and application software complement each other. Systems software makes the computer easier to use. Application software is written to solve a particular problem or a particular class of problems.

Systems software is usually designed to be used on a particular machine. It provides a buffer between the user or application programs and the hardware. With good systems software, it is unnecessary to change the user’s habits or modify the application programs when moving from one model of computer to another. Examples of system software include operating systems and programming languages.

While systems software is designed to run on a particular machine, application software is often designed to be run on many different computers. It takes advantage of the buffer that systems software provides. The major focus of application software is getting a particular job or type of job done.

There is a large variety of application software. The word processing package used to write this text is application software.

Computer Units

The central processor unit (CPU) performs the actual processing and manipulation of information stored in memory. The CPU also retrieves information from memory. This information can be data or instructions for manipulating data. The CPU can also store the results of those manipulations back in memory for later use. The control unit within the CPU coordinates all activities of the

computer by determining which operations should be carried out and in what order. The control unit transmits coordinating control signals to the computer components.

Also found within the CPU are the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) and special storage locations called registers. The ALU consists of electronic circuitry to perform arithmetic operations (that is, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and to make comparisons. The control unit copies the next program instruction from memory into the instruction register in the CPU.

The ALU performs the operation on data that are copied from memory into registers, and the computational results are copied to memory. The ALU can also compare data stored in its registers (for example, which value is larger); the operations that are performed next depend on the comparison results.