Вариант 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific centre.
A curriculum of the new type of secondary school is offered by the Ministry of Education.
The research of planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.
4. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
It is necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.
The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.
We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. You have to come to the language laboratory of the Institute to work at your pronunciation.
2. This material does not possess elastic properties.
3. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.
4. The exam was to start in the morning.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. I think drawing will be ready by tomorrow.
2. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.
1. The Soviet science was the first to make great contribution to the development of space technology.
In order to make interplanetary flights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.
The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.
Специальность «Экономика и управление на предприятиях пищевой промышленности»
VI. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1-ый, 3-ий, 4-ый и 5-ый абзацы.
Слова к тексту
Checking account – 1) специальный счет, с которого снимаются деньги по чекам клиента; 2) счет, позволяющий в любой момент вносить и снимать деньги (до востребования)
Rate of interest – процент, процентная ставка, норма процента
Liabilities – задолженность
Assets – актив (баланса)
Retail bank – банк, занимающийся обслуживанием мелкой клиентуры
Underwriter – гарант размещения (займа, акций и т.п.)
Issue of shares –выпуск акций
Banks
1. Banks are organizations that carry out the business of banking, taking deposits and then using those deposits to make loans. In essence, a bank aims to make a profit by paying depositors a lower rate of interest than the rate the bank charges borrowers. In accounting terms, deposits are considered liabilities (because they have to be repaid), and loans are considered assets.
2. Banks in most countries are supervised by a central bank, such as the Bank of England in the United Kingdom, the Bondsman in Germany, the Federal Reserve System in the United States and Central Bank in Russia.
3. There are many different types of bank, and the banking structure varies from one country to another. Banks can fall into the following categories:
4. Retail banks are often referred to as commercial banks. In addition to conventional banking services, such as the provision of chequing accounts, they deal in foreign exchange, issue credit cards, provide investment and tax advice, and sell financial products such as insurance. In the United Kingdom the biggest retail banks (by assets) are Barclays Bank, National Westminster Bank, Midland Bank, Abbey National Bank and Lloyds Bank.
5. Merchant or investment banks act as intermediaries between investors and private or public concerns seeking medium to long-term funds, often acting as underwriters for an issue of shares.
VII. Ответить на вопрос ко второму абзацу:
By what banks are supervised in most countries?
Для технологических специальностей
VI. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1-ый, 2-ой и 3-ий абзацы.
Слова к тексту
Dough –тесто
To allow –позволять
Desired – желаемый
Stone Age –каменный век
Uniform – однородный
Methods of mixing dough
1. Bakery products are made from flour by moistening, processing raw materials. In its basic ingredients, processes and characteristics, bread has changed little since the Stone Age. Namely, flour, water, salt and yeast are mixed into a dough and allowed to ferment for a given number of hours, the dough mass is then divided into pieces of the desired weight, moulded, again allowed to expand during the final proof period and finally are baked. However, close control of processes produces a more uniform product, and enrichment of materials results in a more nutritious product.
2. There are two main methods of mixing dough: the "sponge and dough" method and the "straight" process.
3. In the sponge and dough method the yeast is first mixed with warm water and a small quantity of flour and the mixture is worked up into a kind of sponge. This mixture is then put aside and fermented for approximately 3-4 hr; more flour is then added, and all the ingredients are mechanically mixed and become dough. The dough is given a short fermentation period, after which it is run through the various makeup equipment.
4. The straight method differs from the sponge and dough process in that all ingredients are added at one time and that there is only one mixing stage and one fermentation period. The fermentation period for a straight dough is approximately 2-3 hr. After fermentation is complete, the dough enters the divider and continues through the same makeup equipment as for the sponge and dough method.
VII. Ответить на вопрос к четвертому абзацу:
How does the straight method differ from the sponge and dough process?
Специальность «Машины и аппараты пищевых производств»
VI. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1-ый и 2-ой абзацы.
Слова к тексту
Fibreglass – стекловолокно
Reinforced – упрочненный
Expansion –расширение
Matrix –матрице
Specific strength – удельная прочность
Specific stiffness –удельная жесткость
Composite materials
1. The combinations of two or more different materials are called composite materials. They usually have unique mechanical and physical properties because they combine the best properties of different materials. For example, a fibre-glass reinforced plastic combines the high strength of thin glass fibres with the ductility and chemical resistance of plastic. Nowadays composites are being used for structures such as bridges, boat-building etc.
2. Composite materials usually consist of synthetic fibres within a matrix, a material that surrounds and is tightly bound to the fibres. The most widely used type of composite material is polymer matrix composites (PMCs). PMCs consist of fibres made of a ceramic material such as carbon or glass embedded in a plastic matrix. Usually the fibres make up about 60 per cent by volume. Composites with metal matrices or ceramic matrices are called metal matrix composites (MMCs) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), respectively.
3. Continuous-fibre composites are generally required for structural applications. The specific strength (strength-to-density ratio) and specific stiffness (elastic modulus-to-density ratio) of continuous carbon fibre PMCs, for example, can be better than metal alloys have.
VII. Ответить на вопрос к третьему абзацу:
What composites are required for structural applications?