Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.

2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля).

4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

1. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.

2. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. A programme for the construction of new types of space ships is to be carried out this year.

2. Soviet people do not pay for medical treatment.

3. We had to change the design of this machine.

4. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The methods we have just described are very effective.

2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию, инфинитива.

1. It is necessary for a Soviet specialist to know a foreign language.

2. The Soviet scientists were the first to construct and launch the space rocket.

3. Our idea was to design a new device for automatic control.

4. To increase the productivity of labour one must use the methods we have just described.

Специальность «Экономика и управление на предприятиях пищевой промышленности»

VI. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1-ый, 2-ой, 3-ий, 4-ый и 5-ый абзацы.

Слова к тексту

The means of payment– средство платежа

Medium of exchange – средство обращения

A standard of value –мера стоимости

A unit of account –единица учета

A store of value –средство сбережения (сохранения стоимости)

A standard of deferred payment – средство погашения долга

Subsequently – впоследствии

Money and its Functions

1. The main feature of money is its acceptance as the means of payment or medium of exchange. Nevertheless, money has other functions. It is a standard of value, a unit of account, a store of value and a standard of deferred payment.

2. Money, the medium of exchange, is used in one half of almost all exchange. Workers work for money. People buy and sell goods in exchange for money. We accept money not to consume it directly but because it can subsequently be used to buy things we do wish to consume. Money is the medium through which people exchange goods and services.

3. In barter economy there is no medium of exchange. Goods are traded directly or swapped for other goods. In a barter economy, the seller and the buyer each must want something the other has to offer. Each person is simultaneously a seller and a buyer. There is a double coincidence of wants.

4. Trading is very expensive in a barter economy. Peo­ple must spend a lot of time and effort finding others with whom they can make mutually satisfactory swaps. Since time and effort are scarce resources, a barter economy is wasteful.

5. Money is generally accepted in payment for goods services, and debts and makes the trading process simpler and more efficient.

6. Money can also serve as a standard of value. Soci­ety considers it convenient to use a monetary unit to determine relative costs of different goods and servic­es. In this function money appears as the unit of ac­count, is the unit in which prices are quoted and ac­counts are kept.

VII. Ответить на вопрос к шестому абзацу:

In what function does money appear as the unit of account?

Для технологических специальностей

VI. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1-ый, 2-ой и 4-ый абзацы.

Слова к тексту

Formulation - рецептура

Leaven - закваска

Grain was pounded - зерно толкли

Crude flour - грубая, непросеянная мука

Flat cake - плоская лепешка

Light textured risen bread - легкий, пышный хлеб

From the history of bread

There are no records of when or where bread originated. It is certain, however, that the known history of bread is longer than the history of any other food; and that the history of bread runs parallel with the known history of man.

Although the history of bread is nearly as old as the history of mankind, the basic formulation has changed little. The history of bread is actually the history of the baking oven, and of the raw materials used in the preparation of bread - mainly the flour and leaven.

In very early times grain was pounded and consumed as a watery paste. During the Stone Age grain was crushed between stones and gave crude flour which was mixed to dough with water, shaped to a round, flat cake and then cooked on a large flat stone over a fire.

As you may imagine the result – a rather hard bread – was very different from the loaf we know today. The next step was baking of fermented dough. An old story says that a forgetful young Egyptian left some uncooked dough sitting for some time before he remembered it, and during this time the dough fermented. This caused the dough to rise, then it was made into loaves. After baking the loaves, our young Egyptian baker found he had produced the first light textured risen bread.

VII. Ответить на вопрос к третьему абзацу:

In what way was grain consumed in very early times?

Специальность «Машины и аппараты пищевых производств»

VI. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1-ый и 2-ой абзацы.

Слова к тексту

Equipment –оборудование

Sequence –последовательность

Initial –первоначальный, начальный

To facilitate – способствовать

Rate – скорость, темп

Assembly machines – сборочные машины

Changeover –переход, переналадка

Applications of Automation and Robotics in Industry

1. Manufacturing is one of the most important applica­tion area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described below.

2. Fixed automation, sometimes called «hard automa­tion» refers to automated machines in which the equip­ment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over from one product style to another. This form of automation needs high initial in­vestments and high production rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes.

3. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. This reprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive time.

VII. Ответить на вопрос к третьему абзацу:

What is programmable automation used for?