С. (1) np is of np np of np

Here the operation applied is also the deletion of BE.

The book is of importance the book of importance

The information is of some value the information of some value.

The speech was of great power a speech of great power.

The N-structure can be generalised as ' a book of importance.'

(2) The same type of kernel sentence can have other prepositions than 'of'.

The cup is for coffee	the cup for coffee	the coffee cup	a coffee cup
The bowl is for sugar	the bowl for sugar	the sugar bowl	a sugar bowl
The bottle is for milk	the bottle for milk	the milk bottle	a milk bottle

The operations are applied on the syntactic level, they are the deletion ofBE, the following deletion of the preposition, permutation, and at last generalisation.

* * *

The same operations are applied to sentences with N / V with the suffix -ing.

The hall is for dancing the (a) hall for dancing a dancing hall

The stick is for walking (with) the (a) stick for walking a walking stick, and the like

D. NP is D NP D

The operation applied is also the deletion of BE,

e.g.:The boy is here the boy here

The man is in the garden the man in the garden

The girl is near the window the girl near the window

E. NP₁ is like NP₂ NP₂ of NP₁

This transformation is applied to sentences with the preposition 'like.' The operations are: deletion of BE, and after in the permutation of the two NP and the introduction of the preposition' of instead of 'like'.

The woman is like a sparrow sparrow of a woman.

She is like a terrifying mountain a terrifying mountain of a woman.

That plumber is (like) a scoundrel a scoundrel of a plumber.

My wife is like an angel my angel of a wife.

These N transforms have a stylistic value, they are used by writers to portray people, and also in emotional speech.

F. There are two nominalising transformations that can be applied to all kinds of kernel sentences: with BE, with HAVE and with V.

The first, on the morphemic level changes the finite V into V-ing, and NP into a possessive (NP's or a possessive pronoun), which is not obligatory.

This transformation is also applied to sentences with BE:

I remember his (him) being a teacher.

The document being of importance made me lock the drawer very carefully.

The second transformation which can be applied to all kinds of kernel sentences involves on the morphemic level the change of the finite V into V-to, and on the syntactic level the introduction of the functional word ' for' before NP. If NP is a personal pronoun, it is changed into the objective case (mor­phemic level):

It's important for the man to be wise.

I arranged for the woman to be there at seven.

It's essential/or a book to be of interest.

It's so good for him to be married.

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Not only these transforms but all N-transforms of the sentences with BE can be used in NP positions of other sentences.

1. In the position of NP₁ (subject).

E.g. The kind man helped the child.

Mr. West, a teacher, lived on the same floor.

The information of some value was received on the following day.

The man in the garden continued to watch the door.

The road ahead was winding up the hill.

Where is my angel of a wife?

The terrifying mountain of a woman was seen coming in.

There was a sugar bowl on the top shelf.

(2) In the position of NP₂ (object).

E.g. I saw a pretty girl there!

Will you meet Mr. West, our teacher?

We received information of great value.

We watched the man in the garden narrowly.

He looked at the road ahead.

He called her his angel of a wife.

He saw a terrifying mountain of a woman

He was quite aware of the danger of the expedition.

(3) In the N position after BE.

E.g. He is a very kind man.

This is Mr. West, the teacher.

That was information of great value.

That is the man in the garden.

That was the road ahead of us.

This is my angel of a wife.

Is this that terrifying mountain of a woman?

This is the difficulty of the task.

* * *

V. Transformations of sentences with V-HAVE. The V-HAVE is also rather unique, it is associated with some rules different from those applied to other V.

In the domain of the nominalising rules V-HAVE in characterised by the ease with which it is deleted.

Sentences with HAVE must be divided into these classes:

1. Sentences expressing possession

"The man has a son",

"A dog has four legs".

2. Sentences rendering the same information as the transforms with the introducer 'there:

"The room has three windows,"

"There are three windows in the room,"

"The boy has a book in his hand," "There is a book in the boy's hand."

3. Sentences that give the same information as sentences with 'contain':

"The cup has tea in it,"

"The cup contains tea."

A. Transformation of sentences expressing possession.

NP₁ have (has) NP₁ NP₁'s NP₂

NP₂ of NP₁

Sentences expressing possession can produce two N-transforms render­ing the same information.

The procedures used to produce the first transform are deletion of HAVE, introduction of the -'s element between the two NP:

E.g. The man has a stepson the man's stepson

Mary has a brother Mary's brother

To produce the second transform HAVE is deleted, the two NP permutated, and the preposition 'of embedded between them.

E.g. The man has a stepson the stepson of the man

The girl has a brother the brother of the girl

The table has three legs the legs of the table

Both transformations are restricted in the sense that the structure with -'s is applied if the NP, is animate, and the preposition 'of is applied if NP₁ is in­animate or there are certain conditions of sequential sentences.