Ilove summer

I do love summer

I do not love summer

Do I love summer? Why do I love summer? Don't I love summer? Why don't I love summer?

Who (does) love(s) summer? Who doesn't love summer''

T-W may again be made more affirmative by embedding the function 'do'. "Why do I love summer?"

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Some transformations can be applied only to sentence containing certain subclasses of V. To such belongs the transformation of the passive. It can be applied to sentences with four transitive subclasses: TAKE-type, GIVE-type, LOOK AT-type, PUT-type.

T-PASSIVE The passive transformation as presented on the level of the classes of words ( NP₁ vV NP₂) has the following procedures: NP₂ takes the position before V, the V is expanded into 'be -en', the V is followed by a 'by-phrase' which is optional and so put into parentheses, the final formula of the transform is:

NP₁ tense (be -en) (by N₁)

The 'by-phrase' is generally deleted according to whether the NP, is in­definite or general personal.

1. V-TAKE

"He took the lottery ticket hesitantly." "The lottery ticket was taken hesitantly."

"People always admire his pictures." "His pictures are always admired."

"We must teach children to cross the street." "Children must be taught to cross the street."

2.V-GIVE "This gave me good advice." "I was given good advice." "Good advice was given me."

"They gave the student a prize." "The student was given a prize." "A prize was given the student."

3.V-LOOK AT "Everybody looked at the flyer." "The flyer was looked at."

"They listened to him." "He was listened to."

4.V-PUT "The man put the book aside." "The book was put aside." "The girl threw her coat on the sofa." "The coat was thrown on the sofa (by the girl)." T-SEP This transformation can be applied only to the V having a postpositional element called 'particle' (prt). The particle can be separated from the V and put after the second NP.

"They brought in the prisoner." " They brought the prisoner in."

"He turned off the radio. " " He turned the radio off."

T-TO This transformation can be applied to the V of the GIVE-type. The op­eration consists in permutating the second and the third N, introducing the preposition 'to' between them.

"He gave his mother some money." "He gave some money to his mother."

The transform seems to lay emphasis on the NP introduced by 'to'. Its use may also depend on the sequential parts. "He gave some money to his mother who immediately went to the shops."

* * *

As has been shown above, the same transformations are applied to BE as to the V.

The differences in transformations between V and BE sentences have been shown in the domain of each transformation.

There are some special transformations applied to BE and hardly ever applied to V.

T-ART The kernel construction NP is NP with the indefinite determiner in the second NP bears the structural meaning 'person (or thing) as belonging to a class'. "Mr. West is an artist." "This is a lizzard." "A lizzard is a reptile." The substitution of the definite determiner in the second NP transforms the 'Class of things' sentence-structure into the 'Identity' sentence-structure. "This is the teacher." "Mr. Brown is the monitor in our group."

Besides the T-ART we can observe some other substitutions in the BE sentences.

The kernel construction NP is A bears the meaning "person (or thing) and his (its) quality". "The voice is soft." "The man is kind." "The car is powerful." "The girl is pretty."

The word BE can be substituted by 'become', 'grow', 'turn'. This kind of transformation changes the meaning of the sentence. It now expresses that the 'person or thing' changes his (its) quality for that indicated by the A. "The girl grew pretty." "The voice became soft."

The substitution of BE for 'seem', 'look', 'appear', 'smell', 'sound', 'taste' expresses a degree of certainty of the existence of the quality.

The substitution of these V is sometimes possible in the N is N structure but with certain restrictions, that is, the introduction of the .function word 'like' or 'as'.

"She sounded as a teacher."

"She was a teacher."

"She looked like a teacher."

"This is milk." "This looks like milk."

After 'seem' the word BE may be retained: "This seems to be milk." "The man seems to be busy."

T-INTRODUCER Sentence structures with BE more readily than the V con­structions are transformed by means of introducers 'there' and 'it'. Harris writes the following: "There are a number of individual words or word se­quences which occur before any sentence, so that we have a transformation S Introducer + S." And then "Examples: for V which do not occur with ob­jects, N vV There vV N ("A boy came "

"There came a boy.")

Asentence like "A cup is on the table" cannot be regarded as a regular English sentence. It must undergo the transformation with the introducer 'there' and permutation to become grammatical. "There is a cup on the table."

The introducer can rather be viewed as a grammatical element transform­ing anNP into an S: "A lecture " "There will be a lecture". "A cup on the table" "There is a cup on the table." Thus the second introducer is 'it'. "A lecture" "It's a lecture." "Winter" "It's winter." "Fine" "It's fine."

This introducer is also extensively used to transform two sentences into a sequence: "It's me speaking." "It's the boy who has done it." "It's here that we parted.", etc. T-REDUCTION This transformation may be applied to the commands and requests. "Open your books." But the 'command' with the NP (you) also exists, and is more intent than the VP command. The V in the VP may further be reduced, and we have the following scheme of the imperative sentence structures:

You give me your hand!	You come here!
Give me your hand!	Come here!
Your hand!	Here!

The transform "Give me your hand!" can be further transformed-into T-A: "Do give me your hand!" - into T-NOT: "Don't give me your hand!"

- into T-NOT with a different aspect: "Don't be giving me your hand!"

There are two function words 'please' and 'lets' which are used as introducers to 'commands' and 'requests'. "Ship sails today" ceases to be ambiguous when introduced by 'please': "Please ship sails today;" by 'lets': "Lets ship sails to­day." The construction with the introducer 'Lets' can be transformed into T-NOT, as "Don't lets ship sails today," "Don't lets do it," "Don't lets speak about that," and further with the application of T-A: "Do don't lets say it."

Some T-W expressing suggestion or asking for instruction can also be reduced.

What am I to do? What to do?

Where are we to go? Where to go?

Why should I say it? Why say it?

The outline of the transformations of the simple sentences gives the whole syntax of simple independent sentences in a nutshell. Brevity is one of the merits of the T-grammar.