7. Typological characteristics of the main parts of the sentence in English vs. Ukrainian.

All parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages have an isomorphic functional meaning and lexico-grammatical nature. The main parts are the subject and the predicate. The subject and the predicate in the contrasted languages are considered to be interdependent parts of the sentence. They are bearers of predication forming the sentence. E.g. They laughed and in Ukrainian Вони засміялися. Other parts of the sentence are dependent on the subject, on the predicate or on one another. E.g Everyone knows his own business best. The constituent word-group of this sentence in English and in Ukrainian in syntactic presentation are as follows: 1) the primary predication word-group Everyone knows- Кожен знає; 2) the attributive word-group his own business- Свою власну справу;and 3) the predicate adverbial modifier word-group known best- Знає найкраще. The structure of the part of the sentence in the contrasted languages is characterized by isomorphic features in the main. There are distinguished the common structurally common types of them in English and Ukrainian: 1) simple – expressed by a single word-form (synthetic or analytical);2) extended or expanded – expressed by a subordinate or by a co-ordinate word-group;3) complex( when expressed by a secondary predication construction. Some parts of the sentence in English and Ukrainian may be expressed by a regular clause. E.g. What you told me is a lie. Similarly in Ukrainian: Те, що ти казав мені – брехня.

8. Typology of the secondary parts of the sentence.

The general implicit morphological nature, the syntactic function and the nomenclature of the secondary parts of the sentence are generally isomorphic in the contrasted languages. The secondary parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages are as follows: The object which has in English and Ukrainian both isomorphic and allomorphic features. As to its structural forms, the object in both contrasted languages may be: a) simple: I thought that the bank rented it. – А я думав, що банк позичив їх (гроші). b) Simple prepositional: he was afraid of this. – Він не думав про це. с) Extended( expressed by a subordinate group). I do so dislike the summer crowds. – Мені так надокучають юрби людей влітку. d) Expanded objects( expressed by the coordinate word-groups). The other two women continued to discuss the gas and electricity bills. – Дві інші жінки обговорювали рахунки за газ та електрику. The prepositional object in the contrasted languages introduced by the preposition. E.g. I must not panic, she said to herself. – Я мушу тримати себе в руках – сказала вона сама до себе. The indirect object in both contrasted languages has indirect case form which is expressed in English only by the personal pronoun and by the interrogative and relative pronoun who E.g. I know they told me that. – це вони мені сказали. The Ukrainian indirect object can also be a noun, any pronoun and numeral. E.g Він послав Ганні книжку( книжку для Ганни). The formal object is an allomorphic phenomenon pertained to(стосуватися) English language only. This object is expressed by the formal pronoun it which has an implicit meaning. E.g On Saturday she would clean it, wash it and air it. – По суботах вона прибирала, мила й провітрювала(всі кімнати, приміщення). The complex object isn’t a completely allomorphic feature for Ukrainian either, though some of its structural forms are alien to it. These are for instance, the objective with the infinitive, the objective with the present participle or the gerundial constructions, which have nouns or subordinate clauses for their equivalents in Ukrainian. E.g Oh! If I could only see him laugh once more. The attribute in both languages functions as an adjunct(додаток) to a noun head in a word-group. The categorial meanings of En. And Uk. Adjuncts differ considerably, since Eng. Adjuncts cannot express gender, case and only rarely number. All Ukrainian attributive adjuncts, mostly agree with head noun in gender, case, number. These adjuncts are: numerals, adjectives, pronouns, participles: гарний день, перше літо, засіяне поле etc. each of these and other adjuncts has also case endings: гарного дня, гарному дневі, гарним днем, (при) гарному дневі. Common in Eng. And Uk. is the use of adjunct prepositional adjuncts and adjunct clauses, e.g My friend of whom I spoke was a young man – мій приятель про якого я казав…pertaining to Eng. Only are adjuncts consisting a) of clusters of nouns like sugar cane production; b) of statival adjuncts to nouns: Miss Ackroyd saw her uncle alive at a quarter to ten. c) of gerundial adjuncts to nouns:’You have not spoiled my pleasure in meeting you, Mr. Gray’.