6. Typological characteristics of the verb. Classes of verbs in English and Ukrainian.

This part of speech in Eng. and Uk. has the largest number of features in common. They include all the general implicit meaning of the verb which serves to convey verbiality, different kinds of activity (go, read, skate), various processes ( boil, grow, obtain), the inner state of a person ( feel, bother, worry) etc. due to these lexico-grammatical properties the verb generally functions in the sentence as predicate going into some combinations a) with the nominal parts of speech performing the function of the subject or the object of the sentence. E.g the sun shines. The trees grow. – сонце світить. Дерева ростуть.b) The verb goes into combination with verbs (to want, to know, to want to read –хотіти вчитися) or with adverbs( to read well – гарно читати) с) with preposition( to depend on smb/smth.etc). the verb in the contrasted languages has its characteristic stem building suffixes or postfixes. In English these suffixes are: ate( liquidate), fy( beautify, defy), en(deepen, darken)etc. in Uk. Thesesuffixesare:ти,ть( брати, брать) тися ( братися, знатися), сь(молитись, вчитись). Uk. Verbs, unlike the Eng. one may also be formed with the help of diminutive suffixes –ки, оньк- и,ці(спатки, їстоньки etc.). Among the prefixes that form the verb stem in Eng. are:ex(exclaim),in/il/ir(introduce,illustrate,irritate),nder(undertake),super(supervise),etc. and in Uk.в-у(вбігти, убігти),до (довести доводити), на( нанести) etc. A number of Eng. verbs are formed with the help of suffixes and prefixes at the same time: ex, ate (excommunicate), hyper, ize (hypercriticize), under, ate ( underestimate)etc. And in Uk. The suffixes are mostly ти,ть тися, тись and prefixes are various: над, наді( надбити, надібрати), про, ти ( пройти, пробити), роз, розі, ти, тися ати etc. (розвестися, розігнатися).The main classes of verbs as to their functional significance are common in the contrasted languages. These are a) notional verbs ( go, ask, write; іти, запитув.. писати) and b) auxiliary verbs. English nominal verbs split into two subclasses which are not available in Uk. These are 1) regular verbs forming their past stem and the past participle with the help of the ending, ed, d, or t( dressed, worked, learnt); 2) irregular verbs having their past stems and the past participle formed by way of alternation of their base vowel ( bind – bound – bound, take – took – taken etc. In the Uk. Are distinguish 13 classes of verbs. In the 1 class of verbs the infinitival stem has the suffixes ува, юва, and the present tense stem the suffix yj,юj, j: купувати, купують etc. The verbs of the second class – ва in the present, future stem: побувати, побувають. The 3 class: а,я: бажати, бажають. The 4 class – i: чорніти, чорніють. The 5 class have the а,я suffix in the infinitival stem, the zero suffix in the present simple future tense stem and the уть, ють ending in the third person plural: брати - беруть, слати – шлють. The 6 have I suffix in the infinitival stem and the zero suffix in the present stem: ревіти – ревуть… Verbs of the 7 class have the ну – ону: гукнути – гукнуть…. Verbs of the 8 class have zero suffix in each of the two stems and ending уть in thethird person plural: нести – несуть… The 9 class have a j suffix and the ending уть in the third person plural: рити – риють… The 10 class have I suffix and the ать ending: водити – воджу – водять… The 11 classhave a suffix and the ending ать: кричу – кричать… the 12 class have an I suffix in the infinitival stem and a zero suffix in the present stem: горіти – горю… Verbs of the 13 class have the ending ать: бігти – біжать…. Auxiliary verbs ( to be, to have, to do etc.) which are used in English in the corresponding person and tense form to express the continuous aspects, the present, the past and future continuous tenses ( I am/ was shall be reading), the perfect aspect forms of the verb: I have done it. He had had his dinner by then already. We shall have translated the text by then. Auxiliary verbs in Uk. are restricted only to one verb бути and is used to form some categorical meaning: a) the passive voice (текст був перекладений); b) the analytical future tense form ( текст буде перекладений); c) some subjunctive mood forms ( якби я був знав, я був би прийшов) etc. Close to the auxiliary by the function are Eng. and Uk. modal verbs: must, should, may, ought to will etc. – вміти, мусити, слід etc. Linking verbs of being: to be, to feel, to look, to seem – бути, виявлятися, зватися etc. Linking verbs of becoming: to become, to get, to grow. E.g They grew stronger. – Вони стали міцнішими…. Linking verbs of remaining: to remain, to keep, to stay etc. E. g He remained satisfied. – Він зостався задоволений. Etc…