Posobie_po_anglyskomu_yazyku

Reading

1. Read and translate the text.

PRESENTATIONS TIPS

“The human brain starts working the moment you are born and never stops until you stand up to speak in public.” George Jessel

Presentations come in as many forms as there are life situations. But there are two basic purposes for giving oral presentations: to inform and to persuade. Informative presentations are divided into two distinct categories – reporting and explaining. The reporting presentation brings the audience up to date on projects or events, telling how things are going. The explanatory presentation provides information about products and procedures, rules and regulations, operations, and other data. Persuasive presentations – are the presentations in which you attempt to convince the audience to support your goals or concepts, or to change their minds or attitudes. Persuasive presentations are often motivational. For example, a college dorm proctor, during a presentation to new freshmen, may try to motivate the students to avoid drugs, alcohol, and unprotected sex.

Before you plan your presentation, you have to define your audience. What is the size of the group? What is the age distribution of the audience? Why are people attending your presentation? Are they socially or financially motivated, committed, or pragmatists? How familiar are audience members with your topic? What is the level of education of audience members? The more you know about your audience's value systems, beliefs, experiences, and needs, along with demographic factors like age, economic status, education, and age, the better able you will be to construct a successful presentation.

To make your presentation effective you should have in mind the following tips: Clear and simple structure: remember that your audience will benefit most from a

very logical and clear structure. Don’t overload the audience and try to use simple language. Any presentation should have three main components: introduction, main body and conclusion.

Your introduction: some experts say this is the most important part of your presentation. In the first few minutes you can get your audience’s attention, build rapport, and create a positive impression. In the introduction you should welcome the audience, introduce yourself, say what topic is, explain why your topic is relevant to the audience, outline the structure of your talk, let your audience know how you are organizing the presentation (questions, length of the presentation, handouts).

Main part: clearly say what the topic and objective of your talk is. Repeat the topic and objective at some later time. Signal the beginning of each part. Highlight the main points. At the end of each section summarize the main facts to make sure everybody is following.

Signposting: let the audience know at all times what you want to do and how you want to do it.

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Repeating new information: always repeat new details. This helps your audience to remember them and ensures optimal flow of information.

Conclusion: signal the end of your talk, summarize the key points, make your final statement.

Interaction with the audience: American audiences expect direct interaction. So treat them as individuals; show them that you care about their individual needs.

Presenter’s role: the presenter is often considered as important as his or her topic, and the presenter’s role is to make sure the presentation is interesting and entertaining. To achieve this goal presenters often use their personalities more and tend to be more enthusiastic.

Making your presentation an effective one you should also remember about such things as body language and appearance. Remember, appearances do count. Wardrobe and nonverbal communication are aspects that are apparent to the outside world. Combined, these factors can frame us as competent, knowledgeable, gracious, or anything else we choose to communicate.

Social psychologists studying the impact of image have determined it takes 30 seconds for someone meeting you to form a whole list of impressions about your character and abilities. The list of impressions encompasses: educational level, career competence, personality, trustworthiness, sense of humor, social heritage.

These quick impressions can be lasting ones. Psychologists call it the halo effect. When your visual message is positive, the person you’ve just met will tend to assume that other aspects about you are equally positive. Remember, you’ll never have a second chance to make the first impression.

2.Answer the questions to the text.

1.What are the two basic purposes for giving oral presentations?

2.What are the types of the informative presentations?

3.What is the purpose of the persuasive presentation?

4.Why is it important to have information about the audience?

5.What are the main three parts of any presentation?

6.What are the constituents of the introduction?

7.Why should you repeat the important information?

8.How do you think what “direct interaction” is?

9.How much time does it take to form a list of impressions about your character and

abilities?

10. Do you agree with phrase, that you’ll never have a second chance to make the first impression?

3.Dwell upon the citation of George Jessel given before the text. Express your agreement or disagreement with it.

4.Experts say the first minutes of the presentation are the most important ones. Discuss with your partner the variants of effective openings. Then click the button to compare your variants with those suggested by the experts.

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Vocabulary practice

1.Fill in the correct word from the list below:

Competence, oral, to outline, rapport, statement, interaction, nonverbal, language,

to highlight, the audience.

1.________ the main points

2.career ________

3._________the structure

4.direct ________

5.__________communication

6.to convince _________

7.to build _______

8.body __________

9.final __________

10.______ presentation

2.Insert the right prepositions. Make up sentences with the expressions.

1.to bring the audience ____ to date

2.to be familiar _____

3.to provide information ____

4.to be apparent ____

5.to have ___ mind

6.to overload the audience _____ something

7.to be relevant ____

8.to form impression ______ one's character time

9.to benefit ____

3.Match phrases with their translation.

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Speaking

1. Read the text and say why do you need to prepare visuals for the presentation.

VISUAL AIDS

Many public speaking experts contend that visual aids ruin more speeches than they improve.

There is a right way and a wrong way to prepare and present visual materials. Visual aids are vehicles for enhancing or facilitating the understanding of your spoken words. If they do not fulfill that purpose, they are misused. Visual material if properly used will give clear visual insights that would require many words or columns of numbers.

A visual aid becomes the focal point for the time it is in view. An audience's attention is quite naturally drawn from the speaker to anything that is put on a screen, blackboard or flipchart. Since they automatically assume center stage, it is vitally important that all visual aids clarify and support your talk in an attractive, comprehensible manner or they will detract from it and compete with it.

Visual aids add impact and interest to a presentation. They enable you to appeal to more than one sense at the same time, thereby increasing the audience's understanding and retention level. With pictures, the concepts or ideas you present are no longer simply words – but words plus images. The chart below cites the effectiveness of visual aids on audience retention.

2. Study the materials about describing visual aids.

Choosing the right visual aid and describing it.

A flow chart is a diagram showing the steps of some process or the succession of operations in a complex activity. Try a flow chart to illustrate a series of steps in a procedure, decision, or other “stepwise” process.

A pie chart displays the size of each part as a percentage of a whole. Consider a pie chart to show how percentages relate to each other within a whole.

A line chart depicts changes over a period of time, showing data and trends. A table is a convenient way to show large amount of data in a small space.

A (vertical or horizontal) bar chart is used to compare unlike (different) items. Use a bar chart to compare data.

A diagram is a drawing showing arrangements and situations, such as networks, distribution, fluctuation.

Presenting a visual aid

Introduction

This graph shows ...

The diagram outlines ...

This pie chart represents

This line chart depicts ...

This chart breaks down ...

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3.Match each sentence below with one of the following graphs.

1.The investment level rose suddenly.

2.The sales of our products fell slightly in the final quarter.

3.The Research and Development budget has stabilized over the past few years.

4.At the end of the first year, sales stood at 50 per cent of the present level.

5.The price reached a peak before falling a little and then maintaining the same level.

6.There has been a steady increase in costs over several years.

7.The sudden collapse in share prices has surprised everyone.

8.The value of the shares has shown a steady decline.

4.Prepare three different visual aids on the subject you like and describe them before the audience.

Communication: any questions?

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1.Read the text and say what types of questions can be asked at presentation and how you should deal with them?

DEALING WITH QUESTIONS

Questions at the end of the presentation are of four main kinds:

zquestions you can answer on the spot;

zquestions that require further information you don't have with you;

zquestions you wish to avoid;

zaggressive questions.

The first kind is no problem and you will deal with them as efficiently as you can. For the second kind, you should acknowledge the question as useful/important/interesting and offer to send the information on, or provide another source of information, if the questioner gives you an address after the presentation. For questions you wish to avoid, you should find some formulae for politely declining to answer:

That's really too complicated an issue to discuss right now. That's beyond my brief for today.

If someone in the audience is asking aggressive questions, then acknowledge their anger and politely decline to get involved:

I can see you are upset by this, but this not the time to engage in an argument.

If you don't understand the question, politely ask thepersontorepeatorexplainit.

I'm sorry. Could you repeat your question, please? I'm afraid I didn't quite catch that.

Sometimes you may be asked questions during the presentation. Whereas some questions can be answered quickly, you might prefer to postpone unwelcome questions or comments.

If you don't mind, I'll deal with this question later in my presentation. Can we can back to that a bit later?

The last important thing about question session is don't forget being polite and take all the questions with a smile as “A Smile is a powerful weapon. You can even break ice with it.”

2. Practice some expressions used for dealing with questions.

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3. Choose the appropriate variant from the list to make sentences.

4.Fill in the correct verb from the list below.

Answer, deal, go, mention, mind, move, prefer, summarize.

1.Well, actually, I'd to answer your question after presentation.

2.To in a nutshell what we were discussing, let me the following points.

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3.Sorry, but I'd rather not with this question now.

4.Let me just back to what we were discussing earlier.

5.I'll this question in the course of my presentation.

6.Before we on let me briefly repeat the main ideas of this part.

7.I'm sorry, but would you waiting until the question period.

5.Work with a partner. Choose the topic you both know well. Work separately to write four or five questions about the topic. Then practice asking and answering questions, using different ways of dealing with questions.

Homework

1.Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1.Согласно данному графику количество граждан Евросоюза, которые говорят хотя бы на одном иностранном языке, постоянно увеличивалось с

47% в 2001 году до 56% в 2005.

2.Данная круговая диаграмма наглядно демонстрирует, что около половины жителей Европы (44%) владеют только родным языком.

3.На данной гистограмме отчетливо видно, что английский язык остаётся наиболее распространённым иностранным языком в Европе (38%), за ним следуют французский и немецкий (по 14%), испанский и русский (по 6%).

4.За последние несколько лет доля альтернативных браузеров стремительно увеличилась и составила приблизительно 45%.

5.Согласно данному графику в Европейском союзе 67% семей не имеют детей. Этот показатель значительно вырос с 60% в 2001 до 67% в 2007 году. В таблице представлены данные по странам. Больше всего бездетных семей имеют: Германия, Финляндия, Дания, Австрия.

6.Обратите внимание на данную таблицу. Согласно данным, отображенным в ней, Российская Федерация занимает семидесятое место в мире по использованию передовых информационных и коммуникационных технологий, 134 место в мире по продолжительности жизни, 97-е место по доходам на душу населения.

7.На линейной диаграмме отчетливо видно, что реальные денежные доходы населения Челябинской области продолжали медленно расти в период с

2001 по 2005 годы.

8.В России постепенно уменьшается перевес женского населения над мужским, главной причиной которого явились последствия второй мировой войны: если в 1989 г. на 1000 мужчин приходилось 1242 женщины, то в

1994 г. – 1130 женщин.

9.В 1995 году расходы на питание составили 52%, на алкогольные напитки – 2,5%, на непродовольственные товары (nonfood goods) – 31,8% и на оплату услуг – 13,7%. В динамике незначительно увеличивается удельный вес (share) расходов на питание и на оплату услуг.

10.За 2000г. в области построено за счет всех источников финансирования 30,3 млн. кв. метров. По сравнению с 1999 г. строительство жилья уменьшилось на 5,3% (на 1.7% млн. кв. метров).

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2.Have you ever made a presentation in PowerPoint? If yes, do you know any secrets of making an effective PowerPoint presentation? Prepare a speech where you are giving advice on using PowerPoint for presentations.

3.Read the text and compare your advice with the tips given in it.

THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS OF POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS

1.Slide Transitions And Sound Effects. They become the focus of attention, which in turn distracts the audience. Worse yet, when a presentation containing several effects and transitions runs on a computer much slower than the one it was created on, the result is a sluggish, almost comical playback.

2.Standard Clipart. PowerPoint is now so widely use the clipart included with it, that it has become a “visual cliche”. It shows a lack of creativity and a tired adherence to a standard form. First, make certain that you need graphics to enhance your message. If you do, use your own scanned photographs or better-quality graphics from companies such as PhotoDisc (www.photodisc.com) or Hemera’s Photo Objects (www.hemera.com).

3.Presentation Templates. Another visual cliche. Templates force you to fit your original ideas into someone else’s pre-packaged mold. The templates often contain distracting backgrounds and poor color combinations. Pick up a good book on Web graphics and apply the same principles to your slides. Create your own distinctive look or use your company logo in a corner of the screen.

4.Text-Heavy Slides. Projected slides are a good medium for depicting an idea graphically or providing an overview. They are a poor medium for detail and reading. Avoid paragraphs, quotations and even complete sentences. Limit your slides to five lines of text and use words and phrases to make your points. The audience will be able to digest and retain key points more easily. Don’t use your slides as speaker’s notes or to simply project an outline of your presentation.

5.The “Me” Paradigm. Presenters often scan a table or graphic directly from their existing print corporate material and include it in their slide show presentations. The results are almost always sub-optimal. Print visuals are usually meant to be seen from 8-12 inches rather than viewed from several feet. Typically, they are too small, too detailed and too textual for an effective visual presentation. The same is true for font size; 12 point font is adequate when the text is in front of you. In a slideshow, aim for a minimum of 40 point font. Remember the audience and move the circle from “me” to “we.” Make certain all elements of any particular slide are large enough to be easily seen. Size really does matter.

6.Reading. An oral presentation should focus on interactive speaking and listening, not reading by the speaker or the audience. The demands of spoken and written language differ significantly. Spoken language is shorter, less formal and more direct. Reading text ruins a presentation. A related point has to do with handouts for the audience. One of your goals as a presenter is to capture and hold the audience’s attention. If you distribute materials before your presentation, your audience will be reading the handouts rather than listening to you. Often, parts of an effective

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presentation depend on creating suspense to engage the audience. If the audience can read everything you’re going to say, that element is lost.

7. Faith in Technology. You never know when an equipment malfunction or incompatible interfaces will force you to give your presentation on another computer. Be prepared by having a back-up of your presentation on a CD-ROM. With it, you can still make last-minute changes. It’s also a good idea to prepare a few color transparencies of your key slides. In the worst-case scenario, none of the technology works and you have no visuals to present. You should still be able to give an excellent presentation if you focus on the message. Always familiarize yourself with the presentation, practice it and be ready to engage the audience regardless of the technology that is available. It’s almost a lost art.

1.How to make PowerPoint presentation an original one?

2.Why shouldn't you use your slides as notes?

3.What is the optimal font size for the slides according to the text?

4.When is it better to distribute handouts?

5.What can you do in case of the equipment malfunction?

6.What piece of advice do you find useful and why?

4.Choose the topic you like. Prepare presentation and visuals. Give a speech before your classmates.

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