3* Fill the gaps in the sentences below with the words and expressions from the box. There are two expressions, which you don't need to use.

standard of value, portability, fiat money, store of value, stability in value, commodity money, medium of exchange, representative money, acceptability, accu­mulate their wealth, relative value, durability

1. As a_____________, money assists in the buying and selling of goods and services.

2. Money enables people to judge the____________of dif­ferent items by comparing their prices.

3. Money's function as a_____________is important to record keeping because it provides uniformity to accounting tasks.

4. As 'money is nonperishable and keeps its value over time it is considered a ____________.

5. People save money in order to___________for later use.

6. Money's ability to be used over and over again is called_____________.

7. ______________is money's ability to be carried from one place to another and transferred from one person to another.

8._______________ encourages saving and maintains money's purchasing power.

9. Precious metals such as gold and silver have often been used as___________.

10. Checks are __________________ because they can be exchanged for currency.

4* Find English equivalents for the following Russian expressions and words.

1. средство обращения

2. мера стоимости

3. средство накопления

4. ведение учета

5. стоимость затрат

6. единица бухгалтерского учета

7. покупательная способность

8. портативность

9. делимость

10. скоропортящийся

11. депозит до востребования

12. сберегательный счет

13. срочный депозит

14. вексель

15. товарные деньги

5* Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. На самом деле многие монеты, отчеканенные в древ­ности, всё еще существуют.

2. Сравнивая цены на товары, люди могут судить об относительной ценности различных предметов.

3. Фирмам необходимо подсчитывать прибыли и убытки.

4. Деньги не портятся, поэтому их можно скопить или сберечь для дальнейшего использования.

5. Иными словами, покупательная способность денег должна быть относительно постоянной.

6. Чеки потому считаются деньгами, что они являются средством обращения, мерой стоимости и средством сбережения.

Unit 2. LISTENING

The history of american money andbanking

6* Before you listen to Talk No 1 use Glossary to match the words and expressions below with their definitions.

1. monetary system

2. bank charter

3. to centralize

4. to decentralize

5. stability

6. to charter

7. currency

8. treasurer

9. the Treasury

10. to issue

11. coinage system

12. to mint

13. to back

14. specie

1. paper money and coins issued by the federal government

2. to organize from a central point

3. referring to money or currency

4. to make coins

5. being steady or not moving up and down

6. money in the form of coins

7. someone who is in charge of the money that belongs to an organization

8. to organize from various points away from the centre

9. to say officially that a town, organization or bank official­ly exists and has special rights

10. a government department responsible for a country's financial matters

11. official government document allowing the establishment of a bank

12. to support someone or some­thing, especially with money, power or influence

13. to officially produce something such as new stamps, coins or shares and make them available for people to buy

14. the system of metal money used in a country

6. Talk No 1 (350 words)

A university professor is speaking on the first period in the history of American money and banking system.

Good morning. The subject of my lecture, as it has been announced, will be devoted to the history of American money and banking systems. I will start by saying that the history of American money and banking is interwoven with the history of the United States.

First of all I'd like to point out that the American monetary and banking systems have gone through three periods of devel­opment. During each of these periods, stability and progress in the nation's money and banking systems has increased.

Today I am going to speak about the first period, which lasted from the 1780s to 1860. It was a time of experimenta­tion and debate in American banking. During this period, money and banking were part of a large battle between Federalists and advocates of states' rights.

Federalists, such as Alexander Hamilton, believed that a strong, centralized banking system was necessary if the United States expected to develop its industries and commerce. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton proposed that a national bank have the power to handle the government's funds, charter and monitor other banks throughout the country, and issue currency.

Advocates of states' rights, such as Thomas Jefferson, opposed the national bank because they feared that the con­centration of economic power at the national level would weaken the economic and political power of individual states. Jefferson supported a decentralized banking system in which the states, rather than the federal government, would charter and regulate the banks within their borders.

In this battle Hamilton's views prevailed. In 1791 Congress established the First Bank of the United States as a private business. Its Charter, or legal permission to operate, outlined the bank's responsibilities, which included the issu­ing of representative money in the form of banknotes. These banknotes were backed by gold and silver specie.

A year later, Congress established a national coinage system, and the federal government began to mint gold and silver coins. It also established the dollar as the official unit of currency.

The First Bank of the United States brought some order to monetary and banking systems in the United States