882

56

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ȺɉɄ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ȺɉɄ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ȺɉɄ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɫɮɟɪɵ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɦɛɢɨɡ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.

ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȺɉɄ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.

əɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɵɟ.

Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɢɪɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ.

ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɛɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɮɢɪɦ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ

57

ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.

ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ-ɫɦɟɠɧɢɤɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɮɢɪɦ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɸ.

Ʉɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɜɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ [139]:

–ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ (ɩɥɨɞɨɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɧɵɣ) ɞɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɷɪɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ;

–ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ/ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ;

–ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɫ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;

–ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ;

–ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ;

–ɮɨɤɭɫɧɚɹ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ ɮɢɪɦ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ – ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɇɂɂ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ;

–ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ ɮɢɪɦ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ

ɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɟɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ

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ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ.

ɇɵɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɜɫɟɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɦ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ.

ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ȺɉɄ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɰɟɥɶɧɨɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɹɢɰ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɛɵɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.

Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɟɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ

ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.

Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɜɪɚɦɤɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨȺɉɄ.

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ȺɉɄ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ȼɌɈ: ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɌɈ.

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ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ: ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɵɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. ɇɨɪɦɵ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɪɵɧɤɚ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɣ. ɋɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ.

ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɪɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɗɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ.

ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɚɝɪɨɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ – ɷɬɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ȺɉɄ.

ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɡɜɟɧɶɹ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ «ɤɪɭɝɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ

60

ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ» (ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɫɛɵɬ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɡɚɤɚɡɚ).

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɭɸ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɛɵɬɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ.

Ɇɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ – ɷɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɡɟɦɥɹ, ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɨɪɭɞɢɹ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ), ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ɇɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.

Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ.

1.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ – ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ

Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɟɦɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɞɟɢ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɬɱɚɣɲɢɣ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɨɩɵɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.

ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ: ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ; ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ; ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɞɥɹ

61

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 7).

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ȺɉɄ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ.

ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

Ⱥɝɪɚɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ

Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȺɉɄ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ, ɦɟɠɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɮɟɪɦɵ, ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɇɂɂ, ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɭɡɨɜ

Ɋɢɫ. 7. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȺɉɄ

Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ȺɉɄ ɩɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɜ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ

62

ȺɉɄ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɋɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ [118].

Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ: ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɨɜ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.

ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ: ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɨɬ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ) ɞɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ [49].

Ɍɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤ – ɷɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɉɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɢ – ɧɟɤɢɣ mixed-use, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ: ɨɮɢɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɠɢɥɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ [106].

Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɭ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ.

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ

63

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.

Ɍɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɢɞɨɤ ɢ ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɷɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 50%, ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ – ɞɨ 100% [106].

ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɭɤɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «ɤɪɟɩɤɢɯ» ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ [154].

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.

ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ), ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

Ɍɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɗɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɢɧɤɭɛɚɬɨɪɵ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ-ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɥɚɧɨɜ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɚ – ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ (hi-tech).

ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ – ɨɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ

64

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ [51].

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɚɯ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɭɡɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ (ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ) ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɜɭɡɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɇɂɑɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɇɂɑ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ, ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɨɳɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɇɂɑ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ – ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɇɂɂ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɍɇɐ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤ.

Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ – ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ (ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ).

ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɭɡɚ (ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤ).

ɉɹɬɚɹ – ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ, ɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ [119, 120].

Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ – ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɢɛɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɤ, ɢɥɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨ, ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɬɟɯɧɨɩɚɪɤ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

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