7. Translate the following sentences.

1.Падающая вода может приводить в действие турбину. 2. Говоря об энергии, мы могли бы упомянуть потенциальную и кинетическую энергию.

3.Работая в лаборатории, студент пользовался электрическими приборами.

4.Прочитав второй урок, мы начали переводить его. 5. Химические источники тока находят ограниченное применение в промышленности.

8.State the energy change that takes place in each of the following de-

vices.

Model: Motor changes electrical energy into mechanical energy.

1.generator, 2. lamp, 3. battery, 4. washing machine, 5. electric furnace,

6.vacuum cleaner, 7. Semiconductor

9.Retell the text.

UNIT 6. GERUND

Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия и обладающую как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует.

Герундий имеет формы времени и залога:

E.g.: I am surprised at hearing this. – Я удивлен слышать это.

I don’t remember having seen him before. – Я не помню, чтобы я его раньше видел.

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Признаки герундия

Перед герундием (в отличие от причастия) могут стоять:

1) предлог (by, in , of, without, on, instead of, in addition to, for, after, before и др.): Excuse me for being so late. – Извините, что я так опоздал;

2) притяжательное местоимение (my, your, her, his, its, our, their): I don’t mind your going there. – Я не против того, чтобы ты туда пошел;

3) существительное в притяжательном падеже: I don’t mind Peter’s going there. – Я не против того, чтобы Петр туда пошел.

Перевод герундия на русский язык Герундий переводится на русский язык следующими способами:

1.Именем существительным: Reading English books every day will improve your knowledge of the language. – Ежедневное чтение английских книг улучшит ваше знание языка.

2.Инфинитивом (неопределенной формой глагола): She is afraid of bathing there. – Она боится купаться там.

3.Деепричастием: He went away without leaving his address. – Он уехал, не оставив своего адреса.

4.Глаголом в личной форме. В этом случае герундий переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением. Такие придаточные предложения часто начинаются словами то, что (чтобы). Указательное местоимение то может стоять в различных падежах: She reproached herself for having said it. – Она упрекала себя за то, что сказала это.

Functions of the Gerund

1. Subject (подлежащее ) – обозначает лицо (или предмет), которое со-

вершает действие, выраженное сказуемым.

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2. Predicate (сказуемое) – выражает действие, совершаемое подлежащим:

a) part of the compound nominal predicate (часть составного именного

сказуемого) – стоит после глагола to be в личной форме;

b) part of the compound verbal aspective predicate (часть составного

глагольного аспектного сказуемого) – стоит после аспектных глаго-

лов, выражающих начало, продолжение и окончание действия (to begin, to start, to continue, to go on, to finish, to stop etc.).

3. Object (дополнение) – стоит после глагола (кроме to be и аспектных)

или прилагательного:

a) direct object – без предлога;

b)indirect object – с предлогом.

4. Attribute (определение) – стоит после определяемого существитель-

ного с предлогом of или for. Отвечает на вопросы: какой? какая? какие?

5. Adverbial modifier (обстоятельство) – стоит до или после группы

подлежащее + сказуемое (+ дополнение) и характеризует все предложение. Герундий в функции обстоятельства употребляется с предлогом.

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Text

Lightning

Vocabulary

The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity known to a man, although for a long time nobody knew that lighting and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stories.

Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thunder. Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to the story his powerful hammer had the property of always coming back to his

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hands after it had been thrown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was named after him. A story like that invented by those early Scandinavians could be also heard from other peoples.

However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve. All know, at present, that lighting is a very great flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between charged clouds or between a charged cloud and the earth.

Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm. Dark clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lighting flashes followed by thunder which can be heard for kilometers around. Needless to say, there is always some danger in a thunderstorm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field.

Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually strikes the nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along which electrons are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor is a well-known fact. The lightning conductor, familiar to anybody at present, is a metal device protecting building from lightning strokes by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.

Franklin’s achievements in the field of electricity were known to Lomonosov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Among other scientific problems that Lomonosov studied was also that of atmospheric electricity. It greatly interested both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman. Both of them tried to solve the problem in question. They made numerous experiments and observations without thinking of the possible danger. In order to get better results Rihman constructed the first electrical measuring device in the world. However, making experiments of that kind was so dangerous that Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning during one of his observations.

As for Franklin’s well-known kite experiment, you will find it in the following lesson.

1. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund. a) 1. Learning English is not easy thing. 2. His friend began learning the

English language. 3. The professor knew about our going to the power station.

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4. There are many methods of solving this problem. 5. On coming home, my father began watching television.

b) 1. We didn’t know about his being sent to the power station. 2. I remember my having told her about the experiment. 3. His having asked such a question shows that he did not prepare the text. 4. We know of different experiments being made in this laboratory. 5. Your having been sent to St. Petersburg was known to everybody. 6. Everybody knew about your having asked such a question.

2.Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below.

Model: When will you finish (to read) …?

When will you finish reading this English book?

1.Do you like (to go)…? 2. My friend never thought of (to become)… ?

3.This is the device for (to turn)… . 4. Excuse me for (to be late) … . 5. Why are you translating a scientific article without (to read) … ?

3.Find the Gerund in the text, define its function.

4.Put questions to the words in bold type.

1.For thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms.

2.The fifth day of the week was named after Thor. 3. Lightning is a discharge of atmospheric electricity. 4. The lightning conductor invented by Franklin provides an easy path for conducting electric charges to the earth.

5.Rihman constructed the first electrical measuring device. 6. Experiments with atmospheric electricity were made by Lomonosov. 7. Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. 8. We use atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

5.Form verbs from the following nouns.

Observation, achievement, protection, production, installation, operation, application, development, heat, generator, inventor, reader.

Use the verbs formed from the nouns given above in sentences of your own.

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