книги / Английский язык для горных инженеров
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При спряжении глагола в страдательномзалоге изменяется только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол во всех временных формах употребляется в форме причастия прошедшего времени. Ср.:
is was will be
has been
The mine had been constructed (built) will hare been
is being was being
На русский язык глаголы в страдательном залоге могут переводиться:
1. Глаголами в страдательном залоге: глагол быть (был, будет) и краткая форма страдательного причастия;
The engineer was invited |
Инженер был приглашен |
to the conference. |
на конференцию. |
2. Возвратными глаголами на -ся: |
|
The mine will be recon- |
Шахта будетреконструи- |
strncted. |
роваться. |
3. Неопределенно-личным предложением (подлежащее в пере воде отсутствует; сказуемое выражено глаголом в 3-м л. мн. числа действительного залога):
They wore shown a new |
Им показали новый горный |
cutter-loader. |
комбайн. |
Если в предложении указано, кем (или чем) произведено действие, то употребляется предложный оборот с предлогами by или with, которые переводятся: с, с помощью, посредством или дополнением в творительном падеже без предлога.
The delegation of the miners was met at the station by a group of students.
Underground mines and opencasts are equipped with new machines.
Делегация шахтеров была встречена на станции группой студентов.
Шахты и рудники оборудо ваны новыми машинами.
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1.а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:
[æ] — flat, 'manager, 'practical, me'chanics, 'graduate, 'capital
[e]— bed, 'bedded, 'measure, de'fend, 'pressure, 'deputy, dealt, head
[o:] — all, score, a'ward, 'order, bom [i:] — 'even, seam, de'gree, 'teacher [a:] — hard, pass, class, draft, charge [u:] — choose, soon, too, food
б) Прочитайте следующие слова и запомните их произношение:
academician [o,kædo'miJ(o)n], diploma [dip'loumo], elementary [,eli'menton], senior ['siinjo], honour ['эпэ], deputy ['depjuti]
2. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их.
choose [tju:z] (chose [tjouz], chosen
['tjbuzn]) v выбирать; choice п выбор
collect [ka'lekt] v собирать, коллек ционировать
dangerous ['demeuras] a опасный deposit [drpozit] n месторождение,
залежь; bedded deposits пластовые месторождения
describe [dis'kraib] v описывать, изо бражать; description [drskripjan] n описание; descriptive a описатель ный
facility [fa'siliti] n (pi facilities) средст ва; возможности; оборудование; устройства
fire damp ['faisdæmp] n рудничный газ, метан
harm [ha:m] n вред; vвредить; harm ful а вредный
relate [rrleit] v относиться, иметь от ношение
safety ['seifti] п безопасность; mine safety безопасность труда при горных работах; техника безо пасности; safety m easures меры безопасности; safe а безопасный; надежный
seam [si:m] п пласт (угля); syn bed, layer; flat seam горизонтальный, полого падающий пласт; inclined seam на клонный пласт; steep seam круто падающий пласт; thick seam мощ ный пласт; thin seam тонкий пласт
state [steit] n состояние; государство; штат; а государственный; v заяв лять; констатировать; излагать
success [sak'ses] п успех; удача; be a suc cess иметь успех; su ccessfu l а
успешный
to defend graduation paper (thesis) защищать дипломную работу (диссертацию) to pass an entrance examination сдать вступительный экзамен
to get a higher education получить высшее образование
to do one’s best (one’s utmost, all one can, everything in one’s power) сделать все возможное, не жалеть сил
to make contribution (to) вносить вклад в (науку, технику и т.д.)
3.а) Переведите прилагательные, образованные с помощью суффиксов -fui
в-less:
useful, successful, powerful, harmful; useless, powerless, harmless, sleepless
б) Заполните пропуска прилагательными, образованными от выделенных существительных:
1.Power stations are equipped with ...machines.
2.A.M. Terpigorev’s investigations in mine safety were a success. He worked out a series of safety measures in gassy collieries. His... research greatly improved the working conditions in mines.
3.The extensive use of scientific and technological achievements makes it possible to develop all branches of production. The scientists are working out new methods of mining... minerals.
4.Fire damp does much harm to the health of miners. It is the most
... of all the gases in the mine air.
4.Прочитайте следующие сочетанна слов. Переведите их:
entrance examinations |
training of specialists |
graduation paper |
coal seam |
coal deposits |
assistant manager |
mine surveying |
exploitation of deposits |
mine safety |
bedded deposits |
description of diagrams |
transport facilities |
acomplete description |
two-volume textbooks |
of the quarry |
thick-seam mining |
flat-seam mining |
steep-seam mining |
thin-seam mining |
|
5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
mining mechanics; descriptive courses; elementary practical train ing; the best lecturer; lectures on historical geology; a particular interest; an interesting subject; a first-class diploma; the department of Mining Transport; as a result; gassy collieries; the problem offire damp; the state of mechanization; mining machinery; methods of coal gasification
6. Прочитайте текст А н скажите, разработке каких научных проблем А.М. Терингорев уделал особое внимание:
ТЕКСТ А
А.М. Terpigorev (1873-1959)
Academician А.М. Terpigorev is a well-known mining engineer who successfully combined his practical experience with scientific research. He was bom in 1873 in Tambov. In 1892 he finished school with honours' and decided to get a higher education. He chose the Mining Institute in St.Petersburg, passed all the entrance examinations successfully and became a student of the Mining Institute.
At the Institute he studied the full range of subjects2 relating to metallurgy, mining and mining mechanics.
At that time students’ specialization was based on3 descriptive courses and elementary practical training. One of the best lecturers was A.P. Karpinsky. His lectures on historical geology were very popular...
During his practical training Terpigorev visited mines and saw that the miners’ work was very difficult. While he was working in the Donbas he collected material for his graduation paper which he soon defended. The Mining of flat seams in the Donbas was carefully studied and described in it In 1897 Terpigorev graduated from the Institute with a first-class
diploma of a mining engineer.
His firstjob as a mining engineerwas at the Sulin mines where he worked for more than three years first as Assistant Manager and lateras Manager. «-
From 1900 till 1922 Terpigorev worked at the Yekaterinoslav Min ing Institute (now the Mining Institute in Dnepropetrovsk).
In 1922 he accepted an offer to take charge o f the mining chair at the Moscow Mining Academy and moved to Moscow. From 1930 he headed the chairs3 of Mining Transport and Mining of Bedded Deposits at the Moscow Mining Institute.
Academician Terpigorev took a particular interest in mine safety. As a result of his investigations a series of safety measures in gassy collieries was worked out. For some time he was working on the problem of fire damp, the most harmful and dangerous of all the gases in mines.
His two-volume work Coal Mining and Mine Transport Facilities is a full description of the state of mechanization and the economy of the Donbas. His other works are about mining transport facilities, mecha nization of coal mining and mining machinery. He is one of the pio neers in scientific methods of coal gasification.
ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ
1 finished school with honours — окончил школу с отличием 2 full range of subjects — широкий диапазон дисциплин
3 was based on — базировалась
4 to take charge of (smth.) — руководить, осуществлять контроль (над чем-л.) 3 headed the chairs — возглавил кафедры
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
7. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.
1. After school Terpigorev decided to work in a mine.
3-176
“Yes, I .... Prof. N. and his pupils... conducting research in this field ofmining. They... working out a seriesofsafetymeasures in gassycollieries.”
"... you at his lecture yesterday?”
“Yes, I .... |
” |
“... Prof. N. speaking about the results ofhis investigations?” |
|
“No, h e ... |
not. H e ... speaking about coal beds and the functions of |
mine ventilation.”
"... you going to attend his next lecture?” “Yes, I ....”I
13. Поставьте указянвые глаголы в соответствующую вреиеввую форму (Past Simple ш ■ Past СовШгаош).
(study) |
1. |
Г |
very hard last night. |
|
|
|
2. |
I |
last night when vou called. |
||
(have dinner) |
3. |
When he finally arrived. I |
dinner. |
||
|
4. |
I |
at |
7. |
|
(take) |
5. |
While John |
his English lesson, his friend |
||
|
|
came. |
|
|
|
|
6. |
John |
|
his English lesson vesterdav. |
|
(rain) |
7. |
It |
hard last night. |
|
|
(talk) |
8. |
It |
hard when I left the office at five o’clock. |
||
9. |
They |
|
with their professor when I saw them. |
||
|
10. |
They |
|
with him very often. |
|
14. в) Поставьте глаголы в Present Continuons (I am doing) влв в Present Simple (I do).
I usually (get up) at 7 o’clock. I (air) my room and (do) my morning exercises. Then I (go) to the bathroom where I (brush) my teeth and (have) a shower. Where (be) my mother now? She (be) in the kitchen. What she (do)? She (cook) breakfast. She (do) it every morning. It (be) 7.45.1 (go) to the kitchen. My father (be) already in the kitchen. He (sit) at the table and (wait) for me. We usually (have) breakfast together. Breakfast (be) over, we (leave) home. I often (go) to the university by bus, but this morning I (walk). It (take) me twenty minutes to get to the university. We (have) 3 lectures, seminars or laboratory work every day. We (not to have got) any classes on Saturdays. After classes I (go) home and (have dinner). Then I (have) a rest and (do) my homework.
In the evening I sometimes (visit) friends or (stay) at home and (listen) to music. At the weekends I (like) going swimming.
It (be) 8 o’clock in the evening. I (leant) English. I (leant) English every evening. I (go) to bed at 11 o’clock as a rule.
At the moment I (work) very hard because I have exams soon.
б) Расскажите о своем обычном распорядке дня.
в) Побеседуйте с сокурсником о его распорядке дня. Задайте ему общие, специальные и разделительные вопросы (с союзом or).
Примечание:
В альтернативном вопросе мы предлагаем выбор (альтернативу) к любому члену предложения или к целому предложению при помощи союза — от.
Например: |
Она умеет танцевать или петь? |
Can she sing or dance? |
|
Will you help them or |
Ты поможешь им или мне сделать это? |
shall I do it? |
|
15. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод слова as:
1.Terpigorev began to work as mining engineer at the Sulin mines, first as Assistant Manager and later as Manager.
2.As there was no mining machinery, the miners’ work was very
hard.
3.As a rule, students’ specialization was based on descriptive courses and elementary practical training.
4.When he went down the mine for the first time, Terpigorev saw that there were no combines, conveyers and other equipment such as used now.
16.Зякончнге предложения. Переведите на английский язык все предлагаемые варианты:
I. Our institute keeps in close touch with (1. промышленными предприятиями; 2. шахтами и рудниками; 3. научно-исследова тельскими институтами; 4. угольными бассейнами).
II. The student is planning to ... (1. защищать диплом; 2. провести эксперимент; 3. принять участие в конференции).
III. A group of postgraduates took an interest in (1. проблемой безопасности в шахтах; 2. маркшейдерией; 3. транспортным обору дованием; 4. открытойразработкой (полезных ископаемых))
IV. The scientists state th at... (1. этот район богат нефтью; 2. в районе имеется железо, черные и цветные металлы; 3. месторож дение меди находится недалеко от поверхности).
V. They did their best (in order) to (1. (раз)решить важную проблему; 2. создать новую теорию; 3. основать новый исследова тельский центр; 4. облегчитьработу по добыче угля).
VI. Terpigorev took an activepart in... (1.разработкенаучныхметодов газификации угля; 2. разработке планареконструкции шахтДонбасса', 3. создании первыхучебников по горномуделу, 4. исследовании природных богатств страны).
17. Выразите несогласие со следующими высказываииами. Подтвердите свою тонну зрении фактами из текста А. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:
to my mind; in my opinion; as is known; on the contrary; I can’t agree with yon; I’d like to say a few words about; I suppose so; I don’t thHik so; that’s where yon are wrong; far from that; more than that; is that really so?
1.In 1895 Terpigorev finished school with honours and decided to enter the university.
2.During his practical training Terpigorev visited a number of plants and collected material for his graduation paper which dealt with metallurgy.
3.Terpigorev took a particular interest in open-cast mining and wrote many books on this problem.
4.In 1930 Terpigorev headed the chair at the Leningrad Mining Institute.
5.Terpigorev wanted to work on the problem ofcoal gasification.
6.Terpigorev made a great contribution to mining and metallurgy.
18.Задайте вопросы по образцу, уточина интересующие вас детали:
Образец: Terpigorev collected the material for his graduation paper in the Donbas, (where?) -» Where did Terpigorev collect the material for his graduation paper?
1.After graduating from the Institute Terpigorev worked at the Sulin mines, (where?)
2.In 1922 Terpigorev moved to Moscow and headed the chair at the Moscow Mining Academy, (when?)
3.The scientist took a particular interest in mine safety, (whatproblem?)
4.His work CoalMiningand Mine TransportFacilitiesgives a complete description of the state of mechanization in the Donbas.(what work?)
5.His graduation paper dealt with mining of flat seams in the Don bas. (what kind ofproblem ?)
19.Суммируйте содержание текста А, используя следующие ключевые слова.
to finish school; to get a higher education; to enter an institute; to study the full range of subjects; to visit mines; to deal with; to graduate from the institute; to work as Manager; to accept an offer;- to take an interest in; to work out problems; to be in charge of; to head the chair; to take an active part (in)