книги / Английский язык для горных инженеров

подлежащего» (т.е. подлежащего и его определения) — это в данном случае these scientists, за ним должно следовать сказуемое — это wrote, форма прошедшего времени глагола to write. Для того чтобы построить общий вопрос, вам нужно

ввести вспомогательный глагол. В Present и Past Simple это мо­ гут быть глаголы do, does — did. Какой вы выберете? Это дол­ жен быть глагол did, так как сказуемое предложения стоит в Past Simple, основной же глагол будет стоять после подлежа­ щего b основной форме (инфинитив). Итак, как звучит ваш во­ прос? Правильный вопрос: Did these scientists write(\) the first textbook... и т.д.? Надеемся, вы теперь сумеете правильно по­ строить общий вопрос к следующему предложению:

Our teacher speaks English at the lessons. Правильно построенный вопрос звучит так: Does our teacher speak (!) English at the lessons?

Специальные вопросы относятся к какому-нибудь члену предложения (но не к сказуемому), начинаются с вопроси­ тельного слова или группы слов с вопросительным местоиме­ нием или наречием. Например:

Специальные вопросы всегда требуют полного ответа, в котором сообщается информация.

В вопросах к подлежащему и его определению сохраняется прямой порядок слов и не используются вспомогательные глаголы do, does, did.

В вопросах к другим членам предложения за вопроси­ тельным словом следует вспомогательный (или модальный) глагол, затем подлежащее, основной глагол (в форме инфи­ нитива без частицы to), затем второстепенные члены предло­ жения. Внимательно изучите примеры!

6.Прочитайте текст А. Скажите, какие учебные заведения были созданы

вРоссии иа базе Московской горной академии:

ТЕКСТ А

The First Mining School in Russia

The Moscow Mining Academy was established1 in 1918. The main task of the Academy was to train mining engineers and techni­ cians, to popularize technological achievements among miners, to work on important problems of mining and metallurgical engineering and to direct scientific research..

There were three departments in the Academy1: mining, geo­ logical prospecting and metallurgy. The Moscow Mining Academy introduced a new course in coal mining mechanization which pro­ vided the basis for the development of mining engineering. The two scientists A.M. Terpigorev and M.M. Protodyakonov wrote the first textbook on machinery for mining bedded deposits.

Much credit for the establishment of the Moscow Mining Acad­ emy and the development of co-operation among outstanding scien­ tists and educators is due to3 Academician l.M. Gubkin, a prominent geologist and oil expert.

In 1925 the Moscow Mining Academy was one of the bestknown educational institutions in Russia.lt had well-equipped labo­ ratories, demonstration rooms and a library which had many volumes of Russian and foreign scientific books and journals.

The Academy established close contacts with the coal and ore mining industries. The scientists carried out scientific research and worked on important mining problems.

The rapid growth of the mining industry called for the training of more highly-qualified specialists and the establishment of new educational institutions.

New collieries and open-cast mines, concentration plants, met­ allurgical works and metal-working factories for processing non-fer­ rous and ferrous metals appeared in the country. The people took an active part in the construction of new industrial enterprises.

The Academy alone could not cope with the problem of training specialists. In 1930 the Moscow Mining Academy was transformed4 into six independent institutes. Among the new colleges which grew out of the Academy’s departments were the Moscow Mining Institute and the Moscow Institute of Geological Pro-specting. Later, the scientific research Institute of Mining appeared near Moscow.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1 was established — была основана (пассивный залог; вводится дальше). Ср. ниже established close contacts — установила тесные контакты

2 There were three departments in the Academy — В Академии было три факультета.

Конструкция «there + глагол to be» (в настоящем, прошедшем или бу­ дущем времени) употребляется, когда нужно сообщить о наличии, сущест­ вовании в данном месте предмета (предметов) или лица (лиц). Обратите внимание на то, что перевод предложений с таким оборотом лучше начи­ нать с обстоятельства места {В Академии...). Подробнее см. Unit 4.

3 Much credit... is due — Большая заслуга... принадлежит

4 was transformed — была преобразована (Ср. пояснение 1.)

Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.There were four departments in the Academy.

2.The Academy introduced a new course in coal mining mechan­ ization.

3.In 1925 the Academy had only several well-equipped laborat­ ories, demonstration rooms and a library which had many vol­ umes of books.

4.The Academy established close contacts with the coal industry.

5.In 1930 the Academy was transformed into six independent in­ stitutes.

6.The Moscow Mining Institute and the Moscow Institute of Ge­ ological Prospecting were among the new colleges which grew out of the Academy’s departments.

8.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What was the main task of the Academy?

2.What new course did the Academy introduce?

3.Were there three or four departments at the Academy?

4.What industries did the Academy establish contacts with?

5.Who wrote the first textbook on machinery for mining bedded deposits?

6.Why was the Academy transformed into six independent insti­ tutes?

7.Why was the Academy transformed?

Например: were — to be; trained — to train.

16. а) Прочтите следующий текст. Найдите в каждом предложении группу подлежащее-сказуемое. Определите временную форму глаголовсказуемых. Переведите текст на русский азык.

When Mikhail Lomonosov came to Moscow he gained admis­ sion to the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy. He made rapid progress. Then he entered the Academy of Sciences. His abilities and diligence attracted the attention of the professors and as one of the three best students he continued his education abroad. There he studied chemistry, mathematics, metallurgy and mining. On his return to Russia he became a professor and a member of the Academy of Sciences.

For versatility Lomonosov has no equal in Russian science. Many of his ideas and discoveries won recognition only in the nine­ teenth century. For instance, he was the first who discovered the vegetation origin of coal, and as a poet and scientist he played a great role in the formation of the Russian literary language.

His living memorial is the Moscow University, which, he founded in 1755.

6) Составьте письменно 5 общих и 5 специальных вопросов к тексту о

Ломоносове.

17. Переведите предложения, используя следующие сочетания слов:

there appeared; to establish close contacts with; to carry ont research; to train engineers and technicians; to call for specialists1

1.Московская горная академия готовила инженеров и тех­ ников для горной и металлургической Промышленности.

2.Ученые проводили научные исследования в области геоло­ гии, горного дела и металлургии.

3.Академия устанавливала тесные контакты с угольными бассейнами и промышленными предприятиями.

4.Быстрое развитие промышленности в стране требовало подготовки высококвалифицированных специалистов.

5.В стране появились новые специальные учебные заведения.

18. Выразите несогласие со следующими высказываниями и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста. Используйте предлагаемые разговор­ ные формулы:

I don’t Шик so; on the contrary; to my mind; in my opinion; as far as I know;

as is known; in fact

1.The task of the Moscow Mining Academy was to train mining specialists only.

2.The Academy established contacts with representatives of all branches of industries.

3.There were five departments in the Academy.

4.There were only Russian books in the library of the Academy.

5.The rapid growth of the mining industry led to the establish­ ment of new higher schools.

6.These scientists wrote the first textbook on machinery.

7.There were only a few higher educational establishments which trained geologists and mining engineers.

8.New collieries and open-cast mines appeared in different parts of the country.

19. ж) Выберите нужную форму глагола из приведенных в скобках.

Му name (is, was, am) Victor Sedov. I (is, am, was) seventeen years old. I (is, was, am) a first-year student of the mining college. Our college (is, are, was) in the centre of the town.

I (have, has, had) a lot of friends at the college. After the couise of studies we (shall, will, are) going to become mining engineers.

My grandfather (were, was, will be) a mining engineer too. He (was, had, is, have) a student of the Moscow Mining Academy many years ago. It (had, was, were) one of the best-known educational institutions in the Soviet Union.lt (has,had,is) well-equipped laboratories and alibrary with many volumes of Russian and foreign books and journals on geology and mining.

б) Расскажите о себе, используй слова и выражении нз а).

20. Побеседуйте с вашим другом о Московской горной академии. Спроси­ те, какие там были факультеты; как развивалась научнан деятельность; каково значение академии в развитии горного дела в стране. Используйте активную лексику урока, вопросительные слова, а также разговорные формулы на с. 2Q.