книги / English for Aerospace Engineering

6)Once it reaches the launch pad, the vehicle is attached to a launch trench.

7)As the time for launch approaches, a countdown is finished.

8)Countdown time can range from days to mouths.

9)Launch bases must have access to up to date weather information.

10)In the last few minutes of the countdown, a final check is made to ensure that all other conditions are in a “start” status.

11)All umbilical connections between the launch tower and the vehicle are

fixed.

12)When the moment of launch arrives, the devices holding the vehicle to the launch pad are explosively detached, and the vehicle begins its flying off.

III. Find antonyms from exercise III:

separately, assembly, readiness, tower, vertically, initiated, detach.

IV. Match the verbs with nouns according to the text. Make up sentences with words combinations.

V.Determine the sequence of actions: 1–f, 2–t

a)A countdown is initiated.

b)A final check is made to ensure that all other conditions are in a “go” status.

c)After assembly, much testing is conducted to check launch vehicle readiness for launch.

d)All umbilical connections between the launch tower and the vehicle are detached.

e)Launch vehicle assembly and checkout are carried out either vertically or horizontally.

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f)The different elements of a launch vehicle are manufactured separately.

g)The elements are transported to the launch base for assembly.

h)The vehicle begins its liftoff.

i)The vehicle is attached to a launch tower.

j)When the moment of launch arrives, the devices holding the vehicle to the launch pad are explosively detached.

VI. Sum up. How a launch vehicle is launched into outer space?

Unit 9. Satellite

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation:

Self contained [ˌselfkənˈteɪnd], transponder [trænˈspɒndə], receiver [rɪˈsiːvə], withstand [wɪðˈstænd], hostile [ˈhɒstaɪl], subject [səbˈdʒekt], vacuum [ˈvækjʊəm], geostationary [dʒiːə(ʊ)ˈsteɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ], orbit [ˈɔːbɪt], thruster [ˈθrʌstə], maintenance [ˈmeɪnt(ə)nəns], debris [ˈdebriː], delay [dɪˈleɪ], poses [pəʊz].

II. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

A satellite is basically a self contained communications system with the ability to receive (1) ______ from Earth and to retransmit those signals back with the use of a transponder—an integrated receiver and transmitter of radio signals. A satellite has to withstand the shock of being accelerated during launch up to the orbital velocity of 28,100 km an hour and a hostile space environment where it can be subject to radiation and extreme temperatures for its projected operational life, which can last up to 20 years. In addition, satellites have to be (2) ______, as the cost of launching a satellite is quite expensive and based on weight. To meet these challenges, satellites must be small and made of lightweight and durable materials. They must operate at a very high reliability of more than 99.9 percent in the vacuum of space with no prospect of maintenance or repair.

The main components of a satellite consist of the communications system, which includes the (3) ______ and transponders that receive and retransmit signals, the power system, which includes the solar panels that provide power, and the propulsion system, which includes the rockets that propel the satellite. A satellite needs its own propulsion system to get itself to the right orbital

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(4) _____ and to make occasional corrections to that position. A satellite in geostationary orbit can deviate up to a degree every year from north to south or east to west of its location because of the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. A satellite has thrusters that are fired occasionally to make adjustments in its position. The maintenance of a satellite’s orbital position is called “station keeping,” and the corrections made by using the satellite’s thrusters are called “attitude control.” A satellite’s life span is determined by the amount of fuel it has to power these thrusters. Once the fuel runs out, the satellite eventually drifts into space and out of operation, becoming space debris.

Satellites operate in three different (5) ______: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary or geosynchronous orbit (GEO). A signal that is bounced off a GEO satellite takes approximately 0.22 second to travel at the speed of light from Earth to the satellite and back. This delay poses some problems for applications such as voice services and mobile telephony. Therefore, most mobile and voice services usually use LEO or MEO satellites to avoid the signal delays resulting from the inherent latency in GEO satellites. GEO satellites are usually used for broadcasting and data applications because of the larger area on the ground that they can cover.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/satellite communication/How satellites work

ACTIVE WORDS

self contained [ˌselfkənˈteɪnd] — техн. независимый, автономный transponder [trænˈspɒndə] — ретранслятор

receiver [rɪˈsiːvə] — приемник

withstand [wɪðˈstænd] — выдерживать, противостоять hostile [ˈhɒstaɪl] — враждебный

subject [səbˈdʒekt] — подвергать

vacuum [ˈvækjʊəm] — физ. вакуум; разрежённое пространство geostationary [dʒiːə(ʊ)ˈsteɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] — геостационарный

orbit [ˈɔːbɪt] — орбита

gravitational pull — гравитационное притяжение thruster [ˈθrʌstə] — двигательная установка maintenance [ˈmeɪnt(ə)nəns] — обслуживание

attitude control — управление положением в пространстве life span — срок службы

debris [ˈdebriː] — обломки delay [dɪˈleɪ] — задержка

poses [pəʊz] — представлять собой, являться

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III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)A satellite is basically a self contained communications system with the ability to receive signals from space and to retransmit those signals back.

2)A satellite has to get the shock of being accelerated during launch up to the orbital velocity of 28,100 km an hour and a hostile space environment.

3)Satellites must be small and made of lightweight and durable materials.

4)They must operate at a very high reliability of more than 99.9 percent in the vacuum of atmosphere with no prospect of maintenance or repair.

5)The main components of a satellite consist of the communications system, which includes the antennas and transponders, the power system, and the propulsion system.

6)A satellite in geostationary orbit can deviate up to a degree every day from north to south or east to west of its location because of the gravitational pull of the Earth.

7)The maintenance of a satellite’s orbital position is called “station cleaning,” and the corrections made by using the satellite’s thrusters are called “attitude control.”

8)A satellite’s life span is determined by the amount of fuel.

9)Once the fuel runs out, the satellite eventually drifts into space and out of operation, becoming space debris.

10)Satellites operate in three different orbits: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary or geosynchronous orbit (GEO).

IV. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)A satellite is a self contained communications system

2)A satellite has to withstand the shock of being accelerated during launch up to the orbital velocity and a hostile space environment

3)Satellites must be small and made

4)The main components of a satellite consist

5)A satellite needs its own propulsion system

6)A satellite has thrusters that are fired

7)The maintenance of a satellite’s orbital position

8)A satellite’s life span

9)Satellites operate in three different orbits

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a)can be up to 20 years.

b)is called “station keeping”.

c)low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary or geosynchronous orbit (GEO).

d)of lightweight and durable materials.

e)of the communications system, which includes the antennas and transponders, the power system, which includes the solar panels, the propulsion system.

f)to get itself to the right orbital location.

g)to make adjustments in its position.

h)where it can be subject to radiation and extreme temperatures.

i)with the ability to receive signals from Earth and to retransmit those signals back.

V. Find English equivalents in the text.

Спутник, автономная система связи, принимать сигналы, удар разгона, орбитальная скорость, воздействие радиации и экстремальных температур, легкие и прочные материалы, антенны и транспондеры, энергосистема, солнечные батареи, двигательная установка, время от времени, корректировка положения, орбитальная позиция, «удержание станции», срок службы, низкая околоземная орбита, средняя околоземная орбита, геостационарная орбита.

VI. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

A (спутник) is a (автономная система связи) with the ability to (принимать сигналы с Земли) and to (ретранслировать эти сигналы обратно).

A (спутник) has to (выдержать удар) of being accelerated during (запуск) up to the (орбитальной скорости) of 28,100 (км/ч) and a (агрессивную космическую среду) where it can be (подвергаться) to (радиации и экстремальным температурам).

(Спутники) must be (небольшими) and (изготовленными из легких и прочных материалов). The (основные компоненты спутника) (состоят из) (системы связи), which includes the (антенны и транспондеры), the (энергосистему), which includes the (солнечные батареи), the (двигательную установку). A (спутник) needs its own (двигательная установка) to get itself to the (нужное место на орбите). A (спутник) has (двигатели) that are

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(запускаются) occasionally to make (для корректировки его положения). The (поддержание орбитальной позиции спутника) is called («удержанием станции»). A (срок службы спутника) can be up to 20 years. (Спутники) (работают) (на трех различных орбитах): (низкой околоземной орбите), (средней околоземной орбите), and (геостационарной орбите).

VII. Read these words.

SACPE, LISSMEI, RTCKEO, HNCUALGNI, TSTEALLEI, ROBTI.

Unit 10. Space Tourism

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation:

Opposed [əˈpəʊzd], regular [ˈreɡjʊlə], recreational [rekrɪˈeɪʃənl], leisure [ˈleʒə], purpose [ˈpɜːpəs], fundamental [fʌndəˈment(ə)l], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], lunar [ˈluːnə], forefront [ˈfɔːfrʌnt], halt [hɔːlt], awe inspiring [ˈɔːɪnspaɪərɪŋ], huge [hjuːdʒ], cognitive [ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv], consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs], astronaut [ˈæstrənɔːt], obligation [ɒblɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n], beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l], compassion [kəmˈpæʃ(ə)n], euphoria [juːˈfɔːrɪə].

II. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

You may be wondering, what exactly is space tourism, as opposed to regular space travel? The main difference is, space tourism is human space travel for recreational or leisure purposes. So the fundamental purpose is for human pleasure, as all tourism is. We can divide space tourism into orbital, suborbital and (1) _____ space tourism.

On April 30th, 2001, US millionaire Dennis Tito travelled to the International Space Station (ISS) on a Russian Soyuz rocket. He spent 20 million dollars to bring his (2) _____ to light, which mirrors the current state of space tourism – the very richest people in the world are at the forefront.

Between 2001 and 2009, Russian Soyuz rockets transported seven more space tourists to the International Space Station as part of Space Adventures, with each (3)

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______ costing a similar 20—25 million US dollars. However, in 2010, Russia halted orbital space tourism due to an increasing number of ISS members needing seats on the spacecraft. This was the last we saw of space tourism until 2021.

Right now, the biggest draw for (4) _____ space passengers is the awe inspiring experience, a new perspective of Earth, and the most beautiful view humans have ever seen. Most people grow up believing that they will never go to space, and the fact that going can become a reality for some is a huge achievement. The experience of observing the Earth from space has a (5) _____: the Overview Effect. Essentially, this is a cognitive change of consciousness, where astronauts experience a new sense of obligation and responsibility to protect planet Earth. If this truly means that everyone who visits space will want to protect the planet, then perhaps space tourism could be beneficial for human compassion. Another big perk of space travel for passengers is the experience of microgravity, where they will be able to feel weightless on the spacecraft for a few minutes. This may not change their perspective on Earth, but it’ll certainly give a feeling of euphoria.

https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/is space tourism good for the planet

ACTIVE WORDS

as opposed to [əˈpəʊzd] — в противоположность regular [ˈreɡjʊlə] — регулярный, обычный, очередной

recreational [rekrɪˈeɪʃənl] — развлекательный, относящийся к отдыху leisure [ˈleʒə] — досуг, свободное время, свободный

purpose [ˈpɜːpəs] — цель, назначение, намерение fundamental [fʌndəˈment(ə)l] — основной, фундаментальный pleasure [ˈpleʒə] — удовольствие, развлечение

lunar [ˈluːnə] — лунный

forefront [ˈfɔːfrʌnt] — передний край, важнейшее место halt [hɔːlt] — останавливаться

the biggest draw for — привлекать

awe inspiring [ˈɔːɪnspaɪərɪŋ] — внушающий благоговение; разг. волнующий, впечатляющий

huge [hjuːdʒ] — огромный, громадный, гигантский cognitive [ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv] — познавательный consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs] — сознание

astronaut [ˈæstrənɔːt] — астронавт, космонавт

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obligation [ɒblɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n] — обязательство beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l] — выгодный, полезный

compassion [kəmˈpæʃ(ə)n] — сострадание, сочувствие

euphoria [juːˈfɔːrɪə] — эйфория, повышенно радостное настроение

III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)Space tourism is human space travel for research or leisure purposes.

2)We can divide space tourism into orbital, suborbital and Mars space

tourism.

3)On April 30th, 2001, US millionaire Dennis Tito travelled to the Russian Space Station on a Soyuz rocket.

4)Between 2001 and 2009, Russian Soyuz rockets transported seventy more space tourists to the International Space Station as part of Space Adventures, with each ticket costing a similar 20–25 million US dollars.

5)The biggest draw for commercial space passengers is the awe inspiring experience, a new perspective of Earth, and the most beautiful view humans have ever seen.

6)The experience of space observing has a name: the Overview Effect.

7)Essentially, this is a cognitive change of consciousness, where astronauts experience a new sense of obligation and responsibility to protect planet Earth.

8)If this truly means that everyone who visits space will want to protect the planet, then perhaps space tourism could be beneficial for human compassion.

9)Another big perk of space travel for passengers is the experience of microgravity, where they will be able to feel weight on the spacecraft for a few minutes.

10)This may not change their perspective on Earth, but it’ll certainly give a feeling of depression.

IV. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)Space tourism is human space travel

2)We can divide space tourism

3)Millionaire Dennis Tito travelled to the International Space Station (ISS)

4)He spent 20 million dollars

5)The biggest draw for commercial space passengers is the awe inspiring

6)The experience of observing the Earth from space has

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7)This is a cognitive change of consciousness, where astronauts experience a new sense of obligation and responsibility

8)If this truly means that everyone who visits space will want to protect the

planet,

9)Another big perk of space travel for passengers is the experience

a)a name: the Overview Effect.

b)experience.

c)for recreational or leisure purposes.

d)into orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism.

e)of microgravity, where they will be able to feel weightless for a few minutes.

f)on a Russian Soyuz rocket.

g)then perhaps space tourism could be beneficial for human compassion.

h)to bring his dream to light.

i)to protect planet Earth.

V. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

(Космический туризм) is human (космические путешествия) for (отдыха или досуга) purposes. We can divide (космический туризм) into (орбитальный, суборбитальный и лунный космический туризм). Millionaire Dennis Tito travelled to the (Международную космическую станцию) on a (российской ракете «Союз»). He spent 20 million dollars to (осуществить свою мечту). The biggest (привлекательность) for (коммерческих космических аппаратов) is the (впечатляющие) experience. The (опыт наблюдения) the (Землей) from (космоса) has a name: the (эффект обзора). This is a (когнитивное изменение сознания), where (астронавты) experience a (новое чувство) of obligation and responsibility to (защита планеты Земля). (Если это действительно означает) that everyone who (посетит космос) will want to (захочет защитить планету), then perhaps (космический туризм) could be (пользу for human compassion. Another (большим преимуществом) for (пассажиров) is the experience of (микрогравитации), where they will be able to (почувствовать себя невесомыми) for a (несколько минут).

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VI. Read the texts and complete them with the necessary words.

The second space company interested in commercial space travel is Blue Origin, founded by Amazon CEO, Jeff Bezos. Just nine days after the Virgin Galactic flight, Blue Origin’s New Shepherd Rocket took Bezos and three other passengers to space on July 20th 2021. The (1) _____ flight reached an altitude of 107 km, higher than Branson’s flight, but the whole (2) _____ lasted a mere 11 minutes.

The space flight reached two new (3) _____ records by having the oldest and (4) _____ humans to have ever been to space onboard. One of them, an 18 year old student, was Blue Origin’s first paying customer, though the price of a ticket has not been revealed.

The website is similar in some ways to Virgin Galactic’s, emphasising a better future for our children and the possibility of millions of people in space. However, there is slightly more focus on Earth preservation, with Blue Origin mentioning the need to find new (5) _____ and material resources outside of Earth. There is also a focus on the reusable nature of launch vehicles as an attempt to improve cost and sustainability.

Space X, short for Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, is a company created by Elon Musk, founder of (1)_____. Out of the three companies, it could appear to some people that Musk is somewhat behind compared to Branson and Bezos since he has not personally travelled to space.

However, it’s worth noting that Space X is more focused on (2) _____

orbital flights, which are more difficult to carry out. In fact, Space X launched the first ever orbital flight crewed entirely by tourists from the Kennedy Space Centre on September 15th 2021.

While one (3) _____ member, Jared Isaacman, was a billionaire and funded the trip himself, the other crew members were ordinary (4) _____, including a community college professor and a physician assistant. To put money matters into perspective, the flight probably cost Isaacman a minimum of 200 million US dollars. However, the mission raised $210 million for St Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital in the process.

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