книги / English for Aerospace Engineering

follows an arcing trajectory, small adjustments being made by its guidance mechanism. Strategic missiles usually carry nuclear warheads, while tactical missiles usually carry high explosives.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/rocket and missile system

ACTIVE WORDS matter [ˈmætə] — материя, вещество restrictive [rɪˈstrɪktɪv] — ограниченный medium [ˈmiːdɪəm] — физ. среда

immediate [ɪˈmiːdɪət] — непосредственный ballistic [bəˈlɪstɪk] — баллистический

flight path — траектория полета arcing [ˈɑːrkɪŋ] — дугообразный

adjustment [əˈdʒʌs(t)m(ə)nt] — регулировка, регулирование, установка guidance [ˈɡaɪd(ə)ns] — техн. управление; наведение (ракеты) strategic [strəˈtiːdʒɪk] — стратегический

warhead [ˈwɔːhed] — боеголовка

1.What is a missile system?

2.What does forward motion follow from?

3.What types of engines are included in the family of jet propulsion engines?

4.What does the term rocket mean?

5.What types of missile are there?

IV. Scan the text again to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)Rocket is a narrow term used to describe a variety of jet propelled

missiles.

2)Rocket propulsion is a no unique member of the family of jet propulsion engines that includes turbojet, pulse jet, and ramjet systems.

3)The thrust produced is independent of the medium through which the vehicle travels, making the rocket engine capable of flight within the atmosphere.

4)The turbojet, pulse jet, and ramjet engines carry only their fuel and depend on the oxygen content of the air for burning.

5)Varieties of jet engine are called air breathing and are limited to operation within the Earth’s atmosphere.

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6)A rocket engine is a self contained (i.e., air breathing) propulsion system, while the term rocket refers to any free flight (unguided) missile.

7)A guided missile is any military missile that isn’t capable of being guided or directed to a target after having been launched.

8)Tactical guided missiles are shorter ranged weapons designed for use in the immediate area.

9)Long range, or strategic, guided missiles are of two types, cruise and

ballistic.

10)Cruise missiles are powered by air breathing engines that provide almost continuous propulsion along a low, level flight path.

11)A strategic missile is propelled by a rocket engine for only the first part of its flight; for the rest of the flight the unpowered missile follows an arcing trajectory.

12)Strategic missiles usually carry nuclear warheads, while tactical missiles usually carry high explosives.

V. Find English equivalents in the text.

Cистема вооружений, боеголовка, реактивная тяга, продукты сгорания, твердое или жидкое топливо, турбореактивный двигатель, импульсно реактивный двигатель, прямоточные воздушно реактивные системы, среда, в которой движется аппарат, пределы атмосферы, автономная двигательная установка, свободнолетающая (неуправляемая) ракета, управляемая ракета, тактические управляемые ракеты, оружие меньшей дальности, зона боевых действий, дальние (стратегические) управляемые ракеты, крылатые и баллистические, горизонтальная траектория полета, дугообразная траек тория, ядерные боеголовки, бризантные взрывчатые вещества.

VI. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)Rocket is a general term used to describe a variety of jet propelled

missiles

2)The propulsive jet of gases usually consists

3)The family of jet propulsion engines includes

4)The rocket engine is different

5)Therefore, the thrust produced is independent

6)The turbojet, pulse jet, and ramjet engines carry only

7)Varieties of jet engine are called

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a)air breathing and are limited to operation within the Earth’s atmosphere.

b)from these in that the elements of its propulsive jet are self contained within the vehicle.

c)in which forward motion results from reaction to the rearward ejection of matter at high velocity.

d)of the combustion products of solid or liquid propellants.

e)of the medium through which the vehicle travels.

f)their fuel and depend on the oxygen content of the air for burning.

g)turbojet, pulse jet, and ramjet systems.

VII. Match the terms with their descriptions.

VIII. What words and phrases do not fit the chain?

1)rocket, term, jet propelled missile

2)velocity, speed, gases

3)combustion products, solid propellants, liquid propellants

4)pulse jet, thrust, ramjet systems

5)beyond the atmosphere, within the earth’s atmosphere, underwater

6)propulsion system, air breathing, limited to operation

7)guide, direct, target

8)tactical, strategic, explosive

9)shorter range, long range, weapons

10)cruise, ballistic, continuous

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11)level flight path, arcing trajectory, small adjustments

12)nuclear warheads, unpowered missile, high explosives

6.Varieties of __ are called air breathing and non air breathing.

10. Cruise missiles are powered by air breathing engines that provide propulsion along a low, level __.

a) arcing trajectory b) flight path c) altitude depressed trajectory

11.A ballistic missile is propelled by a rocket engine for the first part of its flight; for the rest of the flight the unpowered missile follows __.

a)an arcing trajectory

b)depressed trajectory

c)coasting down trajectory

12.Strategic missiles usually carry __.

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13.Tactical missiles usually carry __.

a)high explosives

b)nuclear warheads

c)chemical weapon

Unit 7. Launch Vehicle

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation:

Launch vehicle [lɔːn(t)ʃ ˈviːɪk(ə)l], destination [ˌdestɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n], probe [prəʊb], satellite [ˈsætəlæɪt], expendable [ɪkˈspendəb(ə)l], initial [ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l], attain [əˈteɪn].

II. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

Launch vehicle in spaceflight is a (1) ______ vehicle used to transport a spacecraft beyond Earth’s atmosphere, either into orbit around Earth or to some other destination in outer space. Practical launch vehicles have been used to send crewed spacecraft, uncrewed space probes, and satellites into space since the 1950s. They include the Soyuz and Proton launchers of Russia as well as several converted military missiles; Russia is developing a new family of launchers called Angara. Europe operates the Ariane V and Vega launchers. The United States operated the space shuttle until its retirement in 2011. Current U.S. launch vehicles include the Atlas, Delta, Falcon, and Antares expendable boosters.

In order to reach Earth (2) _______, a launch vehicle must accelerate its spacecraft payload to a minimum velocity of 28,000 km per hour, which is roughly 25 times the speed of sound. To overcome Earth’s (3) _____ for travel to a destination such as the Moon or Mars, the spacecraft must be accelerated to a velocity of approximately 40,000 km per hour. The initial acceleration must also be provided very rapidly in order to minimize both the time that a launch vehicle takes to transit the stressful environment of the atmosphere and the time during which the vehicle’s rocket engines must operate near their performance limits; a launch from Earth’s surface or atmosphere usually attains orbital velocity within 8–12 minutes. Such rapid acceleration requires one or more rocket engines burning large quantities of propellant at a high rate, while at the same time the vehicle is controlled so that it follows its planned trajectory. To maximize the mass of the spacecraft that a particular launch vehicle can carry, the vehicle’s

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structural weight is kept as low as possible. Most of the weight of the launch vehicle is actually its (4) _____—i.e., fuel and the oxidizer needed to burn the fuel.

To date, several entities—Russia, the United States, Japan, China, Israel, India, Iran, and both North and South Korea—have successfully developed and currently maintain their own space launch (5) _____. Other countries aspiring to such capability include Brazil and Pakistan.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/launch vehicle/How a launch vehicle works

ACTIVE WORDS

launch vehicle [lɔːn(t)ʃ ˈviːɪk(ə)l] — средство выведения (на орбиту), ракета носитель

destination [ˌdestɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n] — место назначения

space probe [prəʊb] — космический зонд; автоматический космический исследовательский аппарат

satellite [ˈsætəlæɪt] — спутник, сателлит, искусственный спутник expendable [ɪkˈspendəb(ə)l] — расходуемый, потребляемый booster [ˈbuːstə] — воен. ракета носитель, стартовый двигатель performance limit — предел работоспособности

attain [əˈteɪn] — достигать

entity [ˈentɪtɪ] — сущность, организация, объект aspire [əˈspaɪə] — стремиться

III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)Launch vehicle is used to transport a plane to some destination in outer

space.

2)Launch vehicles have been used to send crewed spacecraft, uncrewed space probes, and satellites into space.

3)They include the Soyuz and Proton launchers of Russia as well as several military missiles.

4)Current U.S. launch vehicles include the Angara, Atlas, and Delta.

5)In order to reach Earth orbit, a launch vehicle must accelerate its spacecraft payload to a minimum velocity of 28,000 km per hour, which is roughly 25 times the speed of light.

6)To overcome Earth’s gravity the spacecraft must be accelerated to a velocity of approximately 40,000 km per minute.

7)A launch from Earth’s surface usually attains orbital high within 8– 12 minutes.

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8)Such rapid acceleration requires only one rocket engine.

9)Most of the weight of the launch vehicle is actually its propellants.

10)To date, few entities have successfully developed and currently maintain their own space launch capability.

IV. Find English equivalents in the text.

Ракета носитель, пределы атмосферы, пункт назначения, космические корабли с экипажем, беспилотные космические зонды, спутники, пере оборудованные военные ракеты, минимальная скорость, скорость звука, земное притяжение, ускорение, прохождение напряженной среды атмосферы, предел возможностей, запуск с поверхности Земли, запланированная траектория, вес конструкции, топливо.

V.Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)Launch vehicle in spaceflight is a used to transport a spacecraft

2)Practical launch vehicles have been used

3)They include the Soyuz, Proton, and Angara launchers of Russia

4)Current U.S. launch vehicles include

5)In order to reach Earth orbit, a launch vehicle must accelerate its spacecraft payload

6)To overcome Earth’s gravity for travel to a destination the spacecraft

7)A launch from Earth’s surface or atmosphere usually attains orbital

velocity

8)Most of the weight of the launch vehicle is actually

9)To date, several entities have successfully developed and currently

maintain

a)as well as several converted military missiles.

b)its propellants.

c)must be accelerated to a velocity of approximately 40,000 km per hour.

d)the Atlas, Delta, Falcon, and Antares expendable boosters.

e)their own space launch capability.

f)to a minimum velocity of 28,000 km per hour.

g)to send crewed spacecraft, uncrewed space probes, and satellites into

space.

h)to some destination in outer space.

i)within 8–12 minutes.

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VI. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

(Ракета носитель) in (космическом полете) is used to (транспортировки) a (космического корабля) to some (место назначения) in (космическом пространстве). (Ракеты носители) have been used to send (космических кораблей сэкипажем), (космическихзондовбез экипажа), and (спутников) into (космос). (Чтобы) to (достичь) (околоземной орбиты), a (ракета носитель) must accelerate its spacecraft (вес) to a (минимальной скорости) of 28,000 (км/ч). To (преодолеть) (земное притяжение) for travel to a (места назначения) the (космический корабль) must (разогнаться) to a (скорости) of 40,000 (км/ч). A (запуск) from Earth’s (поверхности) usually (достигает) (орбитальной скорости) within 8–12 minutes. Most of the (вес) of the (ракеты носителя) is its (топливо). To date, several entities have successfully (разработали) and currently (поддерживают) their own space launch (возможности).

VII. Read the text and fill the table below.

Stages

A basic approach to launch vehicle design, first suggested by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, is to divide the vehicle into “stages.”

The first stage is the heaviest part of the vehicle and has the largest rocket engines, the largest fuel and oxidizer tanks, and the highest thrust; its task is to impart the initial thrust needed to overcome Earth’s gravity and thus to lift the total weight of the vehicle and its payload off of Earth. When the first stage propellants are used up, that stage is detached from the remaining parts of the launch vehicle and falls back to Earth, either into the ocean or onto sparsely populated territory.

With the weight of the first stage gone, a second stage, with its own rocket engines and propellants, continues to accelerate the vehicle. Most expendable launch vehicles in use today have only two or three stages, but in the past up to five stages, each lighter than its predecessor, were needed to attain orbital velocity. When an upper stage has completed its mission, it either falls back to Earth’s surface, enters orbit itself, or, most frequently, disintegrates and evaporates as it encounters atmospheric heating on its fall back toward Earth.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/launch vehicle/How a launch vehicle works

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Unit 8. Launching into Outer Space

I. Scan the text to answer questions.

Launching into Outer Space

The different stages and other elements of a launch vehicle are manufactured separately and transported to the launch base for assembly. That assembly can take place either in a facility away from the launch pad or on the launch pad itself.

Launch vehicle assembly and checkout are carried out either vertically or horizontally. Vertical assembly requires a facility tall enough to shelter the whole spacecraft. The various components are “stacked,” starting with the first stage and often ending with the attachment of the spacecraft to the launch vehicle. Horizontal assembly is carried out on an end to end basis and does not require a high building with vehicle access at multiple levels. After assembly, as much testing as possible is conducted on the integrated vehicle to check its readiness for launch before it is transported to the launch pad.

Once it reaches the launch pad, the vehicle is attached to a launch tower, which contains the various umbilical connections and access points needed to complete the checkout process and to monitor the vehicle’s final readiness for launch. If the vehicle has been assembled horizontally, it must be raised into a vertical position as it reaches the launch pad.

As the time for launch approaches, a countdown is initiated. Countdown time can range from hours to days. Launch bases must have access to up to date weather information. There are usually preset rules with respect to what weather conditions are acceptable for a space launch, including winds at the launch site and aloft, visibility, and temperature. These conditions vary among launch sites and for different launch vehicles.

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In the last few minutes of the countdown, a final check is made to ensure that all other conditions are in a “go” status. All umbilical connections between the launch tower and the vehicle are detached. Liquid fueled rocket engines are usually allowed to fire for a few seconds before the vehicle is committed to launch; a rapid computer check is performed, and the engines can be shut down if there are any indications of a problem. Once solid rocket engines are ignited, the vehicle is committed to launch. When the moment of launch arrives, the devices holding the vehicle to the launch pad are explosively detached, and the vehicle begins its liftoff.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/launch vehicle

1)How are the elements of the launch vehicle manufactured?

2)Where can the assembly of the launch vehicle take place?

3)How is the assembly and testing of the launch vehicle carried out?

4)When is a countdown initiated?

5)What happens to the parts of a rocket after launch?

ACTIVE WORDS

launch pad — стартовая платформа, стартовая площадка, стартовая позиция launch tower — пусковая вышка

launch base — пусковой стол

checkout |ˈtʃekaʊt| — контроль, отладка, испытание shelter [ˈʃeltə] — укрытие

stack [stæk] — складывать в штабель, стопку или столбик umbilical [ʌmˈbɪlɪk(ə)l] — шлангокабели

access points — точки доступа

countdown [ˈkaʊntdaʊn]| — отсчет времени перед стартом, обратный (от)счёт aloft [əˈlɒft] — наверху, в высоте, в воздухе

detach [dɪˈtætʃ] — разъединять, разделять, отделять

II.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)The different elements of a launch vehicle are manufactured together.

2)They are transported to the launch base for division.

3)That assembly can take place in a facility away from the launch pad.

4)Launch vehicle assembly can carried out either vertically or horizontally.

5)After assembly, as much testing as possible is conducted on the integrated vehicle to check its inability for launch.

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