Questions

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.

Appendix 2 writing a summary

A summary is intended to highlight objectively the main points of another writer's work. Although written in your own words, the summary does not include your opinion of the piece you are considering. Since the summary eliminates those details that are not needed to convey the major points, it is naturally shorter than the original. In general, a summary is from one fourth to one half the length of the original.

The problem we all face when attempting to summarize a piece of writing is figuring out what to include and what to leave out. Below are some tips on how to choose material to include in your summary.

• Cross out the less important details.

• Underline topic sentences and key ideas.

• Take notes on those key ideas--jot down the information that clarifies the topic sentence, for example.

When you summarize, you might try following these steps:

• Read the piece for understanding first. Never summarize as you read the article for the first time.

• Before you begin to write, check the topic sentences and key words (words that are underlined, italicized, or capitalized). These will clue you in on main ideas.

• Jot down the organization of the original and follow that pattern in your summary.

• Check your summary to be sure you have been objective. Your opinions are not part of the original

• Check your summary to be sure that you have properly documented any words or phrases that you have taken from the original.

• Identify your summary and its source. Some instructors will ask that you do this as part of the title of the piece; others will request a footnote.

Useful phrases

Кратко описывается …	It is described in short…
вводится …	… is introduced
Показано, что	It is shown that
Дается (предлагается)	… isgiven
Рассматривается	Itisdealtwith
Обеспечивается	… is provided for
Предназначен для	… is designed for
Исследуется	… is examined, is investigated
Анализируется	… is analyzed
Формулируется	… isformulated
Подчеркивается необходимость использования	The need is stressed to employ
Обращается внимание на …	Attention is drawn to …
Приведены данные о …	Data are given about …
Делаются попытки	Attempts are made
проанализировать …	toanalyze…
сформулировать …	toformulate…
Делаются выводы …	Conclusions are drawn …
Даны рекомендации …	Recommendations are given …

RESOURCES

http://www.englishclub.com/

http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/

http://www.economist.com/

http://engineeringguide.us/

http://www.engineering.com/

http://www.howstuffworks.com/

http://www.newsweekeurope.com/

http://www.newtechnologytv.com/

http://iws.ohiolink.edu/

http://www.reuters.com/

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/

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