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AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

А.I. Isayeva

G.A. Meirmanova

SOURCES AND METHODS

OF ETHNOLOGICAL FIELD RESEARCH

Textbook

Almaty

«Qazaq University»

2020

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UDC 391/ 395 (075)

LBC 63.5 я73

I-85

Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of the Faculty of History, Archaeology, and Ethnology of al-Farabi Kazakh National University

(Protocol №3 dated 13.03.2020)

Reviewers:

Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, R.S. Zharkynbayeva

Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, R.A. Bekhnazarov

Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, D.S. Baigunakov

Editor:

Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, A.B. Kalysh

Isayeva A.I.

I-85 Sources and methods of ethnological field research: Textbook / A.I. Isayeva, G.A. Meirmanova / editor A.B. Kalysh. – Almaty: Qazaq University, 2020. – 152 p.

ISBN 978-601-04-4495-9

The textbook discusses the main sources identified during field studies and generally accepted ethnological research methods. Significant areas of fieldwork are demonstrated, including practical methods of collecting ethnographic materials aimed at obtaining primary data. Various methods of their identification and analysis, necessary for the preparation of reports, as well as in the preparation of future publications in the form of articles, presentations, books, and textbooks, are analyzed.

This textbook is intended for university students in the humanities and university lecturers and professors.

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PREFACE

The subject of ethnological research methods allowsexpanding the theoretical and practical circles of students majoring in "Archeology and Ethnology" in accordance with their specialty. New requirements and approaches to the development of the educational process required the development of students', undergraduates' basic methods in accordance with the courses taught. This course will teach students to analyze the theory of the laws of formation and development of ethnic groups, learn to study their knowledge in a scientific form. Studies the values of origin, economic and cultural type, religion, mentality, language, material and intangible culture of peoples in General, analyzes scientific works.

The purpose and objectives of the course.

• Goals and objectives of the discipline.

The purpose of the discipline: to give students a full amount of knowledge related to the analysis and methods of Ethnography research on the methods of planning, organization, and questioning of a special expedition, to collect information among the population.

The main tasks of the discipline: organization of the expedition process, analysis of the collected data, collection, recording, storage of heritage, restoration (restoration), and conservation of discovered objects, distribution, and grouping of research results in information systems is one of the most important tasks of this ethnographer. In the process of teaching students need to use the knowledge and skills gained at the University, in the Department. In addition, they can put this knowledge and skills into practice in all humanitarian fields. First, to study the theoretical and practical foundations of field ethnographic research; consolidate the knowledge gained by students in lectures and seminars. Secondly, the student-practitioner, participating in the expedition, instills skills of organization of work in the field and professional ethnographer. Third, it sets scientific tasks for students-practitioners, developing professional skills and creates conditions for their transition to the scientific path.

Invaluable value of studying ethnographic methods of education of students, their studying of history, culture, customs, unique public customs and traditions of local people grows during the analysis.

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• Knowledge and skills acquired in the course of studying the discipline:

Generic competence:

–instrumental: mastering knowledge, research relating to ethnological science, its features on the Kazakh land, concepts and terminology; study of methods of research of Ethnology, using scientific literature necessary for their study. During the lesson, using the primary scientific literature could consolidate the ethnic characteristics of the peoples of the modern world in practical classes;

–interpersonal: the ability of the individual to this discipline, to use them in solving professional problems facing research institutions related to professional activities. Criticism should be able to criticize, criticize, analyze the problem, analyze, study;

–system: should be able to update the knowledge gained in the discipline through the system of formation, analysis, evaluation;

–subject: to expand students' understanding of ethnological science. Information about the wide edge to nature, giving them the environment, protect the know. The purpose of the event: to give an idea of national values, traditions, and customs of each region, of ethnographic exhibits in museums. In addition, the deepening and development of knowledge about the General laws of formation of processes of work with the population.

–оrganization and planning of field research, mastering the systematization of work in them;

–knowledge of the laws, trends, and patterns of study of advanced theoretical and practical experience in the development, registration and scientific inventory of ethnographic exhibits;

–mastery of methodological knowledge of the achievements of research methods of Ethnography;

–development of theoretical concepts and ideas of ethnographic research methods in the expert direction.

Basic concepts, concepts, methods, and techniques of teaching the discipline:

Ethnic history, anthropological features of a certain ethnic group, zone of dislocation, economy, shelter, clothing, consumer goods, the culture of speech, intangible culture, etc.b.

Among the research methods:

–steppe ethnography;

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–control;

–questionnaire;

–application form for obtaining;

–method of study of the source of antiquity;

–structural-functional (structural-functional) method;

–comparative-historical method;

–typological;

–considered methods of competence analysis.

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CHAPTER 1

TO THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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1.1 The subject of research methods of Ethnology purpose, the object of study

Ethnology is a science that studies the peoples of the world as the main object of research. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that Ethnography can be attributed to the Humanities and Natural Sciences, as ethnos is not only a social but also a biological phenomenon.

The purpose of the course-the study of a specific type of social group, which arose on the basis of the natural and historical process, and not by the will of ethnic groups, people.

In the process of studying the discipline the following issues are solved:

–methods and conceptual apparatus of Ethnology are studied;

–the ethnic picture of the peoples, geographical, anthropological, linguistic and economic-cultural grouping of ethnic groups are studied;

–the main stages of ethnic history, the origin of the peoples of the world;

–study of the main characteristics of traditional culture, the basic laws of ethnocultural, ethno-confessional processes in the world.

In the General system of historical Sciences, Ethnology gives an independent ideological (methodological) value, without limiting its universal role.

Studying all ethnic groups together, paying attention to the relationship of ethnic and social history, showing changes in all spheres of culture, Ethnology gives importance to the description of national and cultural characteristics of the process of historical, archaeological, economic and geographical study of individual countries and peoples. In this case, representatives of other Sciences use ethnological materials as additional information that will help to reveal

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historical, economic and geographical or other thoughts. Thus, Ethnology in the traditional sense is considered as an auxiliary historical discipline. Finally, Ethnology is characterized by participation in a wide range of contemporary political processes taking place on different continents, especially in matters of interethnic relations, the most acute due to the conflict between them. In the conditions of activation of modern political processes on the basis of ethno confessionalism, the practical importance of knowledge of objective ethnic history, laws of cultural integration and assimilation, compliance of ethnic territories with state borders is indifferent.

Thus, Ethnology is considered from the point of view of its General scientific and social significance in the following types:

1)as a worldview science capable of solving certain problems of the most important methodological problems of the history of mankind and individual peoples (first of all, without its own record);

2)as an auxiliary discipline, providing special ethnic information to other Sciences of man and society;

3)politically important sphere of education.

If we talk about the importance of Ethnography (writing, scratching, drawing) – one of the points of science, studying the location, distribution of peoples of ethnographic groups, their number. Although the works of ancient authors (Herodotus, Strabo, Arrian) presented materials on Ethnography, it becomes an independent branch of science only in subsequent years. He studies the laws of formation and resettlement of ethnic groups, the impact of the natural environment on the economy and life, material culture, clothing and characteristics of peoples. Scientifically determines the possibilities of work and road communication to historical epochs and seasons.

The development of human society is accompanied by the expansion of people's knowledge about the world, the collection of data on neighboring and distant. The era of the rise of ethnographic science from the first age of discovery and the capitalist relations in the XV century started. European seafarers ' travels have added to the ethnographic database of numerous data collected by the peoples of America, Africa, Southeast Asia, the ocean Islands, and Australia. In the middle of the 19th century, Ethnography was formed as an independent science. 60-70 years of the 19th century evolutionism in ethnographic science of Europe and America views of E. Taylor,

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J. Lebock, J. Mac-Lennan, A. Bastian, G. Spencer, Yu, Lippt, I. Bahofen, L.G. Morgon were dominated. At the same time, in science, this process corresponded to the goals of the interests of the bourgeois intelligentsia. They believed that the main driving force of evolution is the improvement of human psychology. Among evolutionists the most highly expressed in the scientific theory of the American scientist L.G. Morgan. He tried to determine the general stages of development of human history, based on the methods of production of vital products. It was a materialistic approach. K. Marx and L.G. Engels appreciated the main work of the Morgan "Ancient society". In the 19th century end and 20th century, there are several new schools and trends of evolutionism are appeared. Most of them were reactionary. Diffusivities for in Austria and England, in Germany (F. Ratcel, L. Frobenius, F. Grebner, Yu. Schmidt) are originnated. Its main idea was devoted to the history of culture as the history of its geographical migration (diffusion – migration) of peoples.

United in the "sociological" Е. Durkheim school has written many geographical works and has made a significant contribution to ethnographic science. After the First World War in England Е. Durkheim's school headed by В. Malinowski appeared in functional flow on the ideological side. This ethnological task should be limited only to the study of modern culture, the consideration of ways of proper management of peoples. Therefore, it became the theoretical basis of colonial policy.

1.2 Ethnological and interdisciplinary research methods

Any scientific research is engaged in the study of a specific object, which requires a large-scale mobilization of knowledge. Thus, the data can be collected fully and accurately taking into account the specific features of the object.

In the scientific analysis of contemporary ethnological science use different new methods: description and research of the ethno graphic science, the records of travelers, folklore and artistic expression, ethno-sociological and ethno-psychological studies, published data, official documents, history and analysis of political literature. Besides , in communication with representatives of a certain ethnic

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