Упражнения

1. Прочитайте слова со следующими звуками:

[i:] each, feature, lead, speak, cheap, clean, easy, means, peak, reason, increase, teach, tea, seat, repeat, reader, season, team, seaport, treaty.

[i:] agreement, meet, need, freedom, green, seek, seventeen, between, degree, weekend, queen, seem, street, deep, fee, feel, feet, keep, teens.

2. Прочитайте и догадайтесь о значении следующих слов и словосочетаний:

Limit, conflict, human society, petroleum, natural resources, interpretation, watershed, unusual, description, interval, position, international boundaries, geographical, features, boundary posts, points and lines.

3. Выучите следующие слова, необходимые для понимания текста:

1. representation [ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃ(ə)n] n– обозначение

2. boundary [ˈbaʊndəri] n– границы

3. division [dɪˈvɪʒ(ə)n] n– часть, разделение, раздел, деление

4. compete [kəmˈpiːt] v– конкурировать

5. friction [ˈfrɪkʃən] n – разногласия

6. dispute [ˌdɪˈspjuːt] n – спор, разногласия

7. occur [əˈkɝː]v – случаться, происходить

8. undefined [ˌʌndəˈfaɪnd] adj.– нечетко, неопределенный

9. frontier [frənˈtɪr] n– граница

10. desert [ˈdezr̩t] n– пустыня

11. treaty [ˈtriːti] n – договор

12. virtually [ˈvɝːtʃuːəli] adj.– фактически

13. frequently [ˈfriːkwəntli] adj.– часто

14. uninhabited [ˌʌˌnɪnˈhæbətəd] adj.– необитаемый

15. resource [ˈriːsɔːrs] n – ресурсы

16. discovery [ˌdɪˈskəvəri] n – открытие, обнаружение

17. location [loʊˈkeɪʃən] n – местонахождение

18. settlement [ˈsetəlmənt] n – поселок, населенный пункт

19. coincident [koʊˈɪnsɪdənt] adj. – совпадающий

20. involve [ˌɪnˈvɑːlv] v – включать

21. description [dəˈskrɪpʃən] n– описание

22. delimitation [di:ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən] n – размежевание

23. demarcation [ˌdimarˈkeɪʃən] n – разграничение

24. demarcate [ˈdiːmɑːrkeɪt] v– разграничивать

25. watershed [ˈwɑːtərˌʃed] n – водораздел

26. actual ground [ˈæktʃəwəl ˈɡraʊnd ] –фактически существующая территория (район)

27. de jure [deɪˈdʒʊəreɪ] adv.– юридически

28. de facto [deɪˈfæktəʊ] adv.– на деле, фактически

4. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст:

The Representation of International Boundaries.

International boundaries are the major divisions on the Earth`s surface, and because human societies often compete for control of the Earth`s resources, they frequently represent the lines or zones of friction or conflict. They may be determined by force or by agreement. In many cases, disputes about international boundaries are settled by agreement. Causes of dispute may occur through a change in the value of the land concerned, especially along undefined frontiers. For example, although an area of desert between two states, virtually uninhabited, may serve as a frontier zone in which there is so little interest that there is no conflict. The discovery of a resource such as petroleum may lead to a change in the economic value of the area concerned. In this case the exact location of the boundary line becomes critical.

The term frontier generally applies to the outer limit of settlement of any people. It may or may not be coincided with a boundary, because boundaries are divisions, not just limits.

International boundaries on land involve description, delimitation and demarcation. Most international boundaries are described in treaties only of references to major geographical features, such as rivers and watersheds or geographical points and lines expressed in longitude and latitude.

These may serve political purposes, the actual delimitation of the boundary in relation to the Earth`s surface. A treaty may describe the boundary as following the watershed between two peaks, the position of this on the ground may be very difficult to determine exactly.

Where two countries wish to delimit the boundary, it is usually necessary to agree on a precise delimitation which depends in turn on the interpretation of the treaty in relation to the actual ground. Once the position of the boundary has been agreed on, it is necessary to demarcate it, that is to actually markets position on the ground. Normally it is marked by boundary posts at intervals. In forested country it is normal to clear the forest along the boundary line between boundary monuments.

International boundaries are not uniform. They vary in number of ways, depending on the nature and state of agreement applied to them/ the extent of delimitation and demarcation and their acceptance by other nations. The most important classes are as follows.

De jure boundaries are those agreed and accepted by treaty and recognized by other nations. De facto boundaries are those which exists and are enforced by at least one country. They are frequently disputed by other countries, and therefore only have limited recognition. Provisional boundaries are intended to be de facto boundaries until a boundary dispute is settled by treaty.

[Источник: Английский язык. Сборник общенаучных и технических текстов на английском языке: для магистрантов, студентов 1-го, 2-го курсов заоч- ного, дневного и вечернего отделений по специальностям академии [Текст]. Часть 2 / Л.М. Никулина. – Новосибирск: СГГА, 2008. – 69 с., с.33].