Учебное пособие 1908

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Упражнение 11. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки, постарайтесь их запомнить.

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21. уровень пульсации

22. центробежная ликвация

23. манометр

24. каплеуловитель; брызгоуловитель 25. пластина 26. капля жидкости 27. нормальное

(центростремительное) ускорение 28. мерное стекло

29. сходиться, сплавляться

Упражнение 12. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык и запишите их.

1. Природный газ представляет собой сложную смесь из сотен различных соединений.

2. Типовой газовый приток к скважине – это обладающая высокой скоростью постоянно расширяющаяся вихревая смесь газов и углеводородных жидкостей, однородно перемешанная с водяным паром, свободной водой, а иногда и твердыми веществами.

3.Давление и состав флюидной смеси определяют тип и размер требуемого сепаратора.

4.Сепараторы, устанавливаемые выше или ниже компрессора, сушильной установки и установки для очистки газа от соединений серы называются газоочистителями, ловушками и сепараторами свободной воды.

5.Сепараторы используются для первичного выделения жидких углеводородов из потока газа; очистки первичного отделения путем удаления увлеченного водяного пара из потока газа с последующим удалением увлеченного газа из потока жидкости; отведения сепарированных газа и жидкости из резервуара.

6.Действие большинства сепараторов основано на

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принципе ликвации по удельному весу и центробежной ликвации.

7. Центробежное впускное устройство вызывает завихрение входящего потока.

8.Осадительная секция сепаратора позволяет затухать завихрению флюидного потока, и капли жидкости выпадают на дно резервуара вследствие ликвации по удельному весу.

9.Использование внутреннего отклонения потока или пластин может производить большее количество жидкости для отведения из сепаратора.

10.Каплеуловитель при установке около газоотводной трубки позволяет практически полностью устранить увлечение небольших капель жидкости, не осевших из газового потока вследствие малой гравитационной разницы между ними и газовой фазой.

11.Стержневой каплеуловитель можно использовать там, где в газовой фазе имеется увлеченное твердое вещество,

которое может собираться и засорять сетчатый каплеуловитель.

Упражнение 13. Составьте сообщение по теме

«Separation of Gas from Liquids», используя материал урока.

UNIT 2

Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и постарайтесь запомнить их русские эквиваленты.

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To manufacture – manufacturer, to limit – limitation, available – availability, to vaporize – to re-vaporize, to place – placement, immediate – immediately.

Vertical, horizontal, spherical, category, type, specific, selection, factor, characteristic, transportation, occupy, platform,

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distance, phase, natural, adequate, diameter, section, to minimize, to form, trajectory, normal, plus.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя терминологию упражнения 1.

1.Selection of separator type is based on several factors including characteristics of production steam to be treated, floor space availability at the facility site, transportation, and cost.

2.Vertical separators are often used to treat low to intermediate gas/oil ratio well streams and streams with relatively large slugs of liquid.

3.Horizontal separators have much greater gas/liquid interface due to a large, long, baffled gas-separation section.

4.The moisture gas flows in the baffle space and forms a liquid film that is drained away to the liquid collection section of the separator.

5.The liquid level control placement is more critical in a horizontal separator than in a vertical separator due to limited surge space.

Прочтите и переведите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.

TYPES OF SEPARATORS

Three types of separators are generally available from manufacturers: vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators. Horizontal separators are further classified into two categories: single tube and double tube. Each type of separator has specific advantages and limitations. Selection of separator type is based on several factors including characteristics of production steam to be treated, floor space availability at the facility site, transportation, and cost.

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Vertical Separators

Vertical separators are often used to treat low to intermediate gas/oil ratio well streams and streams with relatively large slugs of liquid. They handle greater slugs of liquid without carryover to the gas outlet. Vertical separators occupy less floor space, which is important for facility sites such as those on offshore platforms where space is limited. Owing to the large vertical distance between the liquid level and the gas outlet, the chance for liquid to re-vaporize into the gas phase is limited. However, due to the natural upward flow of gas in a vertical separator against the falling droplets of liquid, adequate separator diameter is required. Vertical separators are more costly to fabricate and ship in skid-mounted assemblies.

Horizontal Separators

Horizontal double-tube separators are usually the first choice because of their low costs. Horizontal separators are widely used for high gas/oil ratio well streams, foaming well streams, or liquid-from-liquid separation. They have much greater gas/liquid interface due to a large, long, baffled gasseparation section. Horizontal separators are easier to skid-mount and service, and require less piping for field connections. Individual separators can be stacked easily into stage-separation assemblies to minimize space requirements. In horizontal separators, gas flows horizontally and, at the same time, liquid droplets fall toward the liquid surface. The moisture gas flows in the baffle space and forms a liquid film that is drained away to the liquid collection section of the separator. The baffles need to be longer than the distance of liquid trajectory travel. The liquid level control placement is more critical in a horizontal separator than in a vertical separator due to limited surge space.

A horizontal double-tube separator consists of two tube sections. The upper tube section is filled with baffles, the gas flows straight through and at higher velocities, and the incoming

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free liquid is immediately drained away from the upper tube section into the lower tube section. Horizontal double-tube separators have all the advantages of normal horizontal singletube separators plus much higher liquid capacities.

Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте данные ниже слова и словосочетания и напишите их русские эквиваленты.

Production steam, gas/oil ratio well streams, slugs of liquid, facility sites, offshore platforms, skid-mounted assemblies, to ship, foaming well streams, liquid-from-liquid separation, baffled gasseparation section, stage-separation assemblies, space requirements, is critical.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.What types of separators are available in gas production?

2.What categories of horizontal separators are used in gas production?

3.What influences the selection of separator type?

4.What are advantages and disadvantages of vertical and horizontal separators?

5.When are vertical separators used?

6.What kinds of well stream are horizontal separators used

for?

7.What is the construction of a horizontal double-tube separator?

Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Horizontal separators are further classified … two categories: single tube and double tube.

2.Selection … separator type is based … several factors including characteristics … production steam to be treated, floor

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space availability … the facility site, transportation, and cost.

3.Owing to the large vertical distance … the liquid level and the gas outlet, the chance … liquid to re-vaporize … the gas phase is limited.

4.… horizontal separators, gas flows horizontally and, … the same time, liquid droplets fall … the liquid surface.

5.The moisture gas flows … the baffle space and forms a liquid film that is drained away … the liquid collection section … the separator.

6.The upper tube section is filled … baffles, the gas flows straight through and … higher velocities, and the incoming free liquid is immediately drained away … the upper tube section … the lower tube section.

Упражнение 8. Составьте аннотацию текста, используя ответы на вопросы упражнения 6.

Упражнение 9. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.

Spherical separators offer an expensive and compact means of the separation arrangement. Owing to their compact configuration, this type of separator has a very limited surge space and liquid settling section. In addition, the placement and action of the liquid-level control in this type is more critical.

Oil/gas/water three-phase separators are commonly used for well testing and in instances where free water readily separates from the oil or condensate. Three-phase separation can be accomplished in any type of separator. This can be achieved by installing either special internal baffling to construct a water leg or a water siphon arrangement. It can also be achieved by using an interface liquid-level control. The three-phase separation feature is difficult to install in spherical separators because of their limited available internal space. In three-phase operations, two liquid dump valves are required.

For a given separator, factors that affect separation of liquid and gas phases include separator operating pressure, separator

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operating temperature, and fluid stream composition. For a given fluid well stream in a specified separator, changes in any one of these factors will change the amount of gas and liquid leaving the separator. An increase in operating pressure or a decrease in operating temperature generally increases the liquid covered in a separator. However, this is often untrue for gas condensate systems. There are optimum points in both cases beyond which further changes will not add to liquid recovery. Computer simulation (flash vaporization calculation) of phase behavior of the well stream allows engineers to find the optimum pressure and temperature at which a separator should operate to give maximum liquid recovery. Sometimes it is not practical to operate at the optimum point. This is because storage system vapor losses may become too great under these optimum conditions.

At the wellhead separation facilities, operators tend to determine the optimum conditions for separators to maximize revenue. As the liquid hydrocarbon product is generally worth more than the gas, high liquid recovery is often desirable, provided that it can be handled in the available storage system. The operator can control operating pressure to some extent by use of backpressure valves. However, pipeline requirements for Btu (British thermal unit) content of the gas should also be considered as a factor affecting separator operation.

It is usually unfeasible to try to lower the operating temperature of a separator without adding expensive mechanical refrigeration equipment. However, an indirect heater can be used to heat the gas prior to pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke. This is mostly applied to a high-pressure well. By carefully operating this indirect heater, the operator can prevent overheating the gas stream ahead of the choke. This adversely affects the temperature of the downstream separator.

Упражнение 10. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный по смыслу ответ.

1. Owing to its compact configuration, spherical separator has …

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