Учебное пособие 1575

Fig. 3. Constructive scheme of a multistoreyed house:

1 – strip foundation – ленточный фундамент; 2 – external wall – наружная стена; 3 – internal wall – внутренняя стена; 4 - plinth floor – цокольное перекрытие;

5 - intermediate floor – междуэтажное перекрытие; 6 – attic floor – чердачное перекрытие; 7 – rafter – стропило; 8 – roof boarding – обрешетка кровельного покрытия,

9 – landing – лестничная площадка; 10 – flight – лестничный марш; 11 – eave = cornice – карниз

LESSON 16

Phonetics: [kw], [ks], [gz], [ai]

Grammar: Word Order

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Text: Walls. Стены

I.Read and translate the following words.

square, quickly, quality, question, quantity, require, liquid, equal, request; text, next, box, six, fix, mixing, extra, complex, expect, explain;

exam, exist, example, exact, exceed, excellent, examinant, except; high, right, light, mild, might, flight, kind, find, minus, mine.

II.Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:

wall [`wo:l] – стена, обносить стеной

to enclose areas [in`klouz] -– ограждать пространства to resist loads – воспринимать нагрузки

upper floor – верхнее перекрытие to serve [`sƏ:v] – служить partition [pa:`ti∫n] – перегородка

according to – согласно, в соответствии с loadbearing [`loudbεƏriŋ] – несущий non-loadbearing – ненесущий

то rest – опираться

unit – элемент, конструкция

entire construction [in`taiƏ] – все сооружение, целое здание inside wall – внутренняя стена

outside wall – наружная стена dwelling – дом, жилище solid – сплошной

cavity = hollow – пустотелый introduction – введение because of – из-за

insulating value ['insjuleitiŋ`vælju:] – изоляционные свойства precast unit – сборный элемент

building site – строительная площадка quantity [`kwOntiti] – количество simple erection – простой монтаж

III.Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.A revolutionary technique has made possible the manufacture of quality wood flooring at extremely economical price.

2.The strength of brickwork construction depends both upon that of the brick and that of the mortar.

3.Easy of cleaning, attractive colourful patterns make new plastics ideal for shelves, table tops and other surfaces.

4.The gypsum concrete sets approximately 15 min after pouring.

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5.One of the particular advantages of gypsum concrete is its fire-resistance.

6.Paints based on natural materials are showing very high promise.

7.Research in Germany has led to the development of a composite building material called "aluminium plywood".

8.New methods of construction bring their own specific difficulties.

9.When a building is finished, the work is praised - its design, its quality and its price.

10.An early example in England of the glass screen wall is in the Factory of Boots at Beeston in Nottinghamshire, built in 1932 to the design of Sir Owen Williams.

IV. Study the structure of an English sentence.

4. Определение

The attribute

1.Builders construct houses.

2.Now the future builders enthusiastically construct attractive multistorey houses.

3.This academic year the future builders of our faculty enthusiastically construct very attractive multistorey houses with all modern amenities.

V.Explain the word-building of the following words:

firmness, framework, loadbearing, inside, wall-slab, outside, introduction, precast, sometimes, topmost, traditional, fifteenth, enlarge, successfully.

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VI. Form the verbs from the following nouns and translate them: application, increase, compression, difference, weight, requirement, decoration, economy, builder, appearance, reinforcement, designer, engineer, mortar.

VII. Memorize the following antonyms:

VIII. Read and translate the text.

WALLS

The function of the walls is to enclose areas, to resist loads from the floors and roofs or to serve as partitions inside the building. Walls may be classified according to their functions or type of construction and materials used. As to the functions there are loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls, or partitions.

An outside wall rests directly on the foundation wall forming a bearing unit for the upper floors and the roof and an enclosure for entire construction.

Inside walls may or may not support other parts of the structure. They serve as partitions for several rooms inside the dwelling. Walls may be constructed as solid elements or they may be of hollow or cavity type. Solid walls are made of brickwork, sometimes reinforced by the introduction of steel in the form of rods or wires. Cavity walls are the type of construction generally preferred to solid because of their high heat insulating value and economy. There are also whole precast units in the form of wall-slabs mostly used for partitions but loadbearing precast units with windows and doors are produced and brought to the building site.

Low weight, good heat insulation, small quantities of mortar required and simple erection have made these wall units very popular among builders.

Different types of houses are given in Fig. 4. and Fig. 5.

IX. Match the English and Russian definitions using Fig. 4.:

ments. элементов

X.Read the information given below and answer the following questions.

One can see different types of houses in our city: frameless houses and those with frames. This is a frameless large-panel house with three longitudinal loadbearing walls: two external walls and one internal wall. External walls of the house are made of precast concrete elements.

Partitions are made of gypsum-slag concrete. Reinforced concrete panels one storey height are used for internal longitudinal loadbearing walls of the house.

Intermediate floors rest on external and internal walls. Such constructive scheme is used for public and industrial multistorey buildings.

1.What kind of house is shown in Fig. 4?

2.What structures may have the constructive scheme with three longitudinal loadbearing walls?

3.What materials are used for external walls?

4.What are partitions made of?

5.What materials are used for internal walls?

6.What is the information about?

Fig. 4. Constructive scheme of a large-panel house with longitudinal loadbearing walls:

1 – external wall slab – наружная стеновая панель; 2 – floor slab – панель перекрытия; 3 – internal wall – внутренняя стена; 4 – a large-panel house – крупнопанельный дом;

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5 – with longitudinal loadbearing wall – с продольной несущей стеной

XI. Study the constructive scheme shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Constructive scheme of a large-panel house with transverse loadbearing walls:

1 – floor slab – панель перекрытия; 2 – external wall slab – наружная стена; 3 – partition slab – перегородочная панель;

4 – with transverse loadbearing wall – с поперечной несущей стеной

XII. Match the English and Russian equivalents using Fig. 5:

XIII. Study the information and answer the questions.

This is a frameless large-panel house with transverse loadbearing walls.

All main elements of the house - transverse partitions, internal longitudinal walls and external walls - are loadbearing.

Floor slabs have supports from four sides.

Partitions and floor slabs are made of heavy concrete.

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1.What kind of house is shown in Fig. 5?

2.What structures may have the constructive scheme with transverse loadbearing walls?

3.What materials are used for partitions and floor slabs?

4.Are all main elements in the house loadbearing or non-loadbearing?

5.What is the information about?

XIV. Answer the following questions.

1.What is the text about?

2.What are walls?

3.What are the functions of the walls?

4.How are walls classified?

5.What is a loadbearing wall?

6.What is a non-loadbearing wall?

7.What materials are solid walls made of?

8.What are the advantages of cavity walls?

9.What frameless large-panel structures do you know?

10.What constructive scheme has the house you live in?

XV. Speak about walls.

LESSON 17

How to work with the text. Как работать с текстом

Text: Structural Steel. Строительная сталь

I.Study the information about the summary and scheme-reading of the text.

Summary is a short account giving the main points of the original in your own words.

Аннотация– этократкоеизложениеосновныхпунктоворигиналасвоимисловами.

HOW TO WORK WITH THE TEXT

1.Look through the text to understand the information.

2.Divide the text into logical parts.

3.Read the first paragraph of the text very attentively.

4.Write out all the unknown words.

5.Translate them into Russian using a dictionary or dictionaries.

6.Choose the key words and word combinations from the first paragraph.

7.Make up a plan.

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8. Say what this paragraph is about.

II.Read and translate the text in writing

STRUCTURAL STEEL

Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour. Structural Steel is used exclusively in the framing of many buildings because of its versatility, its tremendous loadbearing capacity, and its economy of qualities that make it ideal for all types of construction. Small wonder that today’s architects and engineers are specifying Structural Steel frameworks for more and more schools, churches, and small buildings. Just look at these advantages:

1.Structural Steel is the strongest, yet most economical of load bearing materials.

2.Structural Steel will withstand more abuse than other structural materials, effectively resisting torsion, tension, compression, and shear.

3.Once enclosed in buildings, it lasts indefinitely – requiring no maintenance.

4.Structural Steel may be riveted, bolted or welded … can be erected in any weather in which men can work.

5.Steel members are fabricated indoors; therefore, weather can have no effect on the quality of workmanship.

III. Ask as many questions to the text as you can.

IV. Write down the summary of the text.

LESSON 18

Control work

Variant 1

I. Translate the text in writing, using the following words and word combinations:

floor – перекрытие

dead load – постоянная нагрузка live load – переменная нагрузка

to superimpose – прикладывать нагрузку basement – подвал

upper – верхний attic – чердак

to satisfy = to meet requirements – удовлетворять требованиям sufficient – достаточный

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rigidity – жесткость

sound insulation – звукоизоляция obvious – очевидный

to lay along – лежать вдоль to allow – позволять

high speed – высокоскоростной rib – ребро

steel beam – стальная балка

to erect – монтировать, сооружать design – назначение, конструкция cladding – заполнитель каркаса

FLOORS

Floors are the structural elements which divide a building into stories and carry the dead load or the weight of the floor itself and the superimposed or live load. According to the design they are classified as basement floors, upper floors, and attic floors. But all of them must satisfy some common requirements: sufficient strength and rigidity, good sound insulation, fire resistance. It is obvious that basement and attic floors must be warmed while the floors in sanitary units must be water and gas resistant. As to the materials used floors are divided into three groups: timber, reinforced concrete floors and floors laid along steel beams.

Timber floors are simple to erect but they are liable to fire, to rot and are not so durable as others. Therefore they are generally used in dwellings and service buildings.

Reinforced concrete floors have many advantages which allow to use them especially in big constructions of industrial design. Reinforced concrete floors are not liable to fire, they are strong, durable and economical. Precast reinforced concrete floors developed by Russian designers meet the requirements of high speed industrial construction. Most widely used monolithic floors are ribbed and beamless. Floors laid along steel beams are usually made with fireproof cladding of precast or monolithic reinforced concrete slabs. There are also combined precast-monolithic floors and many other kinds besides the three main groups mentioned.

II.Translate the sentences into English.

1.Какие конструктивные элементы делят здание на этажи?

2.Перекрытия делятся на подвальные, верхние и чердачные.

3.Деревянные перекрытия имеют следующие недостатки: они подвержены гниению и горению.

4.Скоростное строительство требует применения сборных и железобетонных перекрытий.

5.Какие материалы используют для перекрытий?

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6.Перекрытия могут быть комбинированными – из сборных и монолитных элементов.

7.Общие требования к перекрытиям следующие: достаточная прочность и жесткость, хорошая звукоизоляция и огнестойкость.

8.Перекрытия классифицируют согласно конструкциям и используемым материалам.

III. Write down the summary of the text.

IV. Give synonyms to the following words:

1) element; 2) to classify; 3) timber; 4) monolithic; 5) generally; 6) to meet requirements; 7) profession; 8) basic; 9) speed; 10) method; 11) material; 12)dwelling; 13) various; 14) a lot of; 15) to define; 16) for example; 17) to apply; 18) thank to.

V.Put 10-15 questions to the text.

Variant 2

I.Translate the text in writing, using the following words and word combinations:

roof = roofing – крыша, кровля covering – покрытие

to keep out – предохранять

to tie the walls – связывать стены wind load – ветровая нагрузка to sustain – выдерживать

to arrange – располагать intermediate – промежуточный purlin – обрешетина крыши

fabricated elements – готовые изделия серийного производства slate – шифер

felt – войлок

lower layer – нижний слой beneath – под, ниже

to impregnate – пропитывать surface – поверхность

tar – смола inclination – уклон steep – крутой

pitch – уклон ската крыши

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