Учебное пособие 1575

1.A foamed silicate block is precast stone … interstice distributed evenly.

2.Porous structure provides the material … a variety of physical and mechanical properties which make it an effective building material.

3.Cellular gas concrete maintains constant air moisture … the structure due to moisture absorption and evolving.

4.Air bubbles, occupying about 80 % … the material, ensure it high heat-insulating capacity which promotes reduction … heating costs up to 25-30 % and any extra thermo-insulating building materials abandoned use.

5.Accurate geometrical adjectives … the items allow adhesive solution-based blocklaying.

6.Foamed silicate blocks applied instead of ceramic bricks … low structure walls allow heating power inputs saving to 35 %.

7.Their frost-resistance is justified … the basis of fine porosity.

8.Material is considered frost-resistant when its water saturation does not exceed the critical value – 60 % … the mass.

VI. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Газосиликат представляет собой искусственный камень с равномерно распределенными порами – ячейками.

2.Газосиликат огнестоек, прочен, он не гниет, не стареет, не выделяет токсичных веществ.

3.За счет поглощения и отдачи влаги ячеистый газобетон поддерживает постоянную влажность воздуха внутри помещения.

4.Точные геометрические характеристики изделий позволяют вести кладку с использованием клеевого раствора.

5.При изготовлении газосиликата используются песок, цемент и порообразователь.

6.Благодаря заключенному в порах воздуху теплоизоляционные свойства стен из ячеистого бетона (газобетона) в 3 и более раз выше, чем у кирпича и в 5 раз выше, чем у тяжелого бетона при одинаковых температурных условиях.

7.Считается, что материал морозостоек, если его водонасыщение не превышает критической величины — 60 % от массы. На практике же, при правильной эксплуатации, эта величина не превышает 35 %.

8.Из газосиликата изготавливают блоки для кладки стен.

VII. Learn the following dialog.

A – Do you happen to know what is built of cellular concrete blocks?

B – Well, cottages are easily built of blocks. 5 workers build a 250m² country-house in 40 days.

A – That’s something! Cellular concrete is easily treated, isn’t it?

B – Right. It’s easily drilled, sawed, nailed without creaking. You can groove it for wiring without much effort.

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A – And what’s about mortar input?

B – It reduces by 5-7 times.

VIII. Answer the following questions.

1.What is the text about?

2.What is gas concrete?

3.What materials are used in foamed concrete and foamed silicate production?

4.What properties do gas concrete blocks have?

5.What is the performance of the material?

6.Why do gas concrete blocks offer technical advance over traditional bricks?

7.What potential advantages does gas concrete have in such buildings as countryhouses?

8.Characterize the cellular concrete blocks.

IX. Make up a plan of the text.

Х. Give the annotation of the text and say what new information about cellular concrete blocks you have got.

LESSON 14

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech

Text: The Future of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete. Будущее железо-

бетона и преднапряженного бетона

I.Recall sequence of tenses in the English sentence

he works (is working) работает

(одновременное действие)

IITranslate the following sentences into Russsin.

1.Tom says they were friends at school.

2.I was told that you had been good at Maths.

3.He added that he would take a correspondence course next year.

4.My cousin says Ann has just come back from the Caucuses.

5.I didn`t know that she had been to the Caucuses.

6.They say she had a lot of sightseeing there.

7.Ann says she has taken many photographs while travelling to the Caucuses.

8.I say it did her a lot of good.

9.She says she will come to see us next Sunday.

10.She said she would bring and show us the photographs. 11.Victor said he was very busy in Moscow.

12.Olga says she was staying at the Ritz Hotel on her holiday.

13.They said they were no longer interested in the discussion of that problem.

III. Compare the following examples.

IV. Read the following extract taken from “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger and then act it out.

“Have a seat there, boy,” old Spencer said. He meant the bed. I sat down on it. “How's your grippe, sir?” “Mmm…boy, if I felt any better I'd have to send for the doctor,” old Spencer said. He started chuckling like a madman. Then he finally straightened himself out and said, “Why aren't you down at the game? I thought this was the day of the big game.” “It is. I was. Only, I just got back from New York with the fencing team,” I said. “So you're leaving us, eh?” he said. “Yes, sir. I guess I am.” He started going into this nodding routine. “What did Dr. Turner say to you, boy? I understand you had quite a little chat.” “Yes, we did. We really did. I was in his office for around two hours, I guess.” “What'd

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he say to you?” “Oh... well, about Life being a game and all. And how you should play it according to the rules. “Has Dr. Turner written to your parents yet?” old Spencer asked me. “He said he was going to write them Monday.” “Have you yourself communicated with them?” “No, sir, I haven't communicated with them, because I'll probably see them Wednesday night when I get home.” “And how do you think they'll take the news?” “Well... they'll be pretty irritated about it,” I said. “They really will. This is about the fourth school I've gone to.” I shook my head. I shake my head quite a lot. “Boy!” I said. I also say “Boy!” quite a lot. Partly because I have a lousy vocabulary and partly because I act quite young for my age sometimes.

V. Render the dialogue between old Spenser and Holden in reported speech.

VI. Rewrite the following narration in dialog.

In the present instance, we all talked as if we were going to have a long swim every morning. George said it was so pleasant to wake up in the boat in the fresh morning, and plunge into the limpid river. Harris said there was nothing like a swim before breakfast to give you an appetite. He said it always gave him an appetite. George said that if it was going to make Harris eat more than Harris ordinarily ate, then he should protest against Harris having a bath at all. He said there would be quite enough hard work in towing sufficient food for Harris up against stream, as it was. I urged upon George, however, how much pleasanter it would be to have Harris clean and fresh about the boat, even if we did have to take a few more hundredweight of provisions; and he got to see it in my light, and withdrew his opposition to Harris's bath. Agreed, finally, that we should take THREE bath towels, so as not to keep each other waiting. For clothes, George said two suits of flannel would be sufficient, as we could wash them ourselves, in the river, when they got dirty (By Jerome K. Jerome “Three Men in a Boat”).

VII. Scheme-read the text. Write out all the unknown words and translate them into Russian using a good dictionary.

THE FUTURE OF REINFORCED

AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

One may ask what will be the future of reinforced concrete and on which factors progress will depend. Ordinary reinforced concrete has stood the trial of time for more than half a century and a great many remarkable structures have been built of the material. Prestressed and partially-prestressed concrete have, for their part, technical and sometimes economical advantages which are incontestable, but the period during which the structures built by these methods have been ob-

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served is relatively short. The small margin sometimes allowed between the usual working stress and the elastic limits and stress at failure of high-tensile steel bars sometimes caused doubt about the behaviour of such structures with time, particularly structures submitted to intense vibrations or exposed to indefinite repetitions of loads. The possibility of the rusting of the steel should also be considered, particularly if it is protected by grout of doubtful efficiency. It may also be noted that the application of imposed loads does not always have a negligible effect on the stresses in the steel, for example in railway sleepers, and this depends on the care with which the work is done. All these factors have an effect on the long-term behaviour of prestressed concrete.

Self-stressing, which has the practical advantage of not needing mechanical means of application, is limited in its application by the relatively small force exerted by the expansive cements, the first tests of which date from about fifteen years ago. Research is now going on to obtain much greater expansive forces.

In other ways progress is certainly possible in improving the quality of steel for reinforced and prestressed concrete, as well as in deformed bars and anchors. But above all it is the quality of cements to which attention must be devoted. Concrete of low tensile strength is an incomplete material that it is necessary to reinforce or prestress. When we have binders which have some of the qualities now lacking, the use of reinforcement will diminish. Concrete which is more adherent, more ductile, with greater resistance to strain, possessing an expansion greater than its shrinkage may be much more desirable than any improvements in reinforcement. Methods now in use mark but a step, however undeniably glorious, in the art of construction.

VIII. Translate the text orally.

IX. Say whether the following statements are true or false.

1.Technical and economical advantages of prestressed and partially-prestressed concrete have been discovered not so long ago. /_________________T/F

2.Prestressed and partially-prestressed structures are not durable due to the limited elastic properties of the material. /_________________T/F

3.Prestressed and partially-prestressed structures mustn’t be exposed to intense vibrations because of the steel rusting. /_________________T/F

4.So that to improve the quality of prestressed concrete much attention must be devoted to the quality of cements and steel. /_________________T/F

X. Match the following terms with their definitions.

XIV. Speak on the future of reinforced and prestressed concrete.

LESSON 15

Phonetics: [٨], [a:], [o:]

Grammar: Perfect Passive

Text: Parts of a Building. Части здания

I.Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

some, public, covered, does, other, multistoreyed, industrial, structure, constructive, function, come, number, study, confront, subject, result;

vast, after, past, architect, rafter, last, part, are, arch, task, plant, dark, ask; more, order, all, form, boarding, wall, floor, also, for, always.

II.Learn the following words and word combinations:

to devote [di`vout] – посвящать

creative energies [`enƏd iz] – творческие усилия to reflect – отражать

society [sƏ`saiƏti] – общество art-form – образец искусстваe to surround [sƏ`raund] – окружать part of a building – часть здания

vast majority – громадное большинство to provide shelter– обеспечить кров choice – выбор

excavation [ekskƏvei∫n] – котлован to dig (dug, dug) – копать foundation [faundei∫n] – фундамент to keep (from) – предохранять

soil – грунт

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framework [`freimwƏ:k] – каркас stability [stƏ`biliti] – устойчивость to carry the loads – нести нагрузку to clothe [`klouð] – заполнять

to divide into stories – делить на этажи to support – поддерживать

to protect – защищать wall – стена

floor – перекрытие roof – крыша

to tie – связывать

firmness [`fƏ:mnis] – устойчивость

bitumen felt [`bitjumin felt] – битумный войлок wood = timber – древесина

tiling [`tailiŋ] – черепица

III.Study the model and compare the following sentences in their meanings.

Model: to have + been + Participle II

I have just been asked some questions.

Мне только что задали несколько вопросов.

She had been asked some questions before the lecture began.

Ей задали несколько вопросов до начала лекции.

She will have been asked some questions before the lecture begins. Eй будет задано несколько вопросов перед началом лекции.

1. In order to build a house first an excavation was dug.

In order to build a house first an excavation had already been dug. 2. Plans for building a house are drawn by an architect.

Plans for building the house have already been drawn by an architect 3. Then a framework will be raised.

The framework will have been raised by Friday.

4.Floors were made of timber ecologically clean building material. Floors had been made of timber after the test's results.

5.Every detail of a house is carefully planned.

Every detail of the house has just been carefully examined.

IV. Change Simple into Perfect Passive and translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Modern projects were paid much attention to.

2.The construction of a residential house for one family was completed.

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3.Many building materials will be used to decorate the facades of old structures.

4.What was done first when building a house?

5.Buildings were designed either to live in or to work at.

6.The foundation will be constructed to keep the walls and floors from the contact with soil.

7.New building materials were not divided into three groups.

8.Wood, metal, tiling will be recommended for roofs.

V.Read and translate the text.

PARTS OF A BUILDING

Since the beginning of civilization man has always been a builder, devoting creative energies to the construction of buildings to live in and to work at. A building reflects the society of its time more than any other art-form.

The meaning of any building depends on the materials used and the function it is designed to perform. The vast majority of buildings consist of external walls, surrounding an interior space and covered by a roof to provide shelter.

Three basic factors - availability, physical properties and cost determine the initial choice of a building. The main parts of a building are a foundation, a framework, floors and a roof.

In order to build a house first an excavation must be dug. After that the foundation is constructed to keep the walls and floors from the contact with soil. It may be of stone, bricks, concrete. Then a framework is raised.

A framework is the part of a building on which the stability of the structure depends. This part of a building carries the loads from the roof and floors. The framework is clothed with various materials in the form of panels. Floors divide the building into stories. They may be of timber, reinforced concrete or other materials. The floors are supported on beams. A roof is the topmost part of a building. Its function is to cover the building and protect it from rain and wind. Roofs also tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure. Wood, metal, tiling, bitumen felt and other materials are used for roofs.

VII. Put in the correct prepositions.

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1.Man has always been a builder, devoting creative energies ... the construction ...

buildings ... live in and ... work at.

2.The meaning ... any building depends ... the materials used and the function it is designed ... perform.

3.The main parts ... a building are a foundation, a framework, floors and a roof.

4. ... ... ... build a house first an excavation is dug.

5.The foundation is constructed ... keep the walls and floors ... the contact ... soil.

6.A framework is the part ... a building ... which the stability ... the structure depends.

7.Floors divide the building ... stories.

8.A roof is the topmost part ... a building.

9.Its function is ... cover the building and protect it ... rain and wind.

10.Wood, metal, tiling are used ... roofs.

VIII. Match the English and Russian definitions using Fig. 3:

IХ. Learn the dialogue.

A – Can you say a few words about the main constructive elements of a building? B – Certainly. The main constructive elements are a foundation, walls, floors, a roof. A – And what part of a building is the most important?

B – Well, all parts of a building are equally important. Do you agree? A – Surely. What building materials would you prefer for a house?

B – I think that concrete blocks are better for the foundation and bricks are good for bearing walls.

A – And what about floors and a roof?

B – Well, reinforced concrete is the most suitable material for floors and slate is the proper material for a slanting roof.

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X.Translate the sentences into English.

1.Фундамент – опорная (bearing = supporting) часть здания, которая передает (to transmit) нагрузки от здания на грунт.

2.Наружные стены служат для ограждения помещений (to enclose rooms) от внешней среды и для защиты (to protect from) от атмосферных воздействий.

3.Внутренние стены служат для отделения (to serve as partitions) одних помещений от других.

4.Стены бывают несущими и самонесущими.

5.Перекрытия бывают цокольными, междуэтажными и чердачными.

6.Перекрытия делят (to divide into) здание на этажи.

7.Перегородки делят (to divide into) внутреннее пространство здания на отдельные помещения на одном этаже.

8.Лестницы служат для сообщения (communication) между этажами.

9.Часть лестницы между площадками называется (to call)лестничным маршем.

XI. Speaking practice. What can you say about:

–the constructive scheme of a multistoreyed house;

–the main constructive elements of residential, public and industrial buildings;

–the construction process of a multistoreyed house.

XII. Answer the following questions.

1.What is the text about?

2.What are the constructive elements of a building?

3.What is a foundation?

4.What is the function of the foundation?

5.What materials are used for foundation?

6.What is a framework?

7.What is the function of the framework?

8.What is the framework clothed with?

9.What is the function of a floor?

10.What materials are floors made of?

11.What is the topmost part of a building?

12.What is the function of a roof?

13.What is the most important part of a building?

XIII. Sum up the information of the text.

XIV. Speak about the main parts of a building and their functions.

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