Учебное пособие 1575

VII. Put in the correct prepositions.

1.Cement improves its strength ... setting.

2.This process may be continued ... years.

3.The standard time ... the strength gain is 28 days.

4.The strength gain is closely connected ... the rate ... setting.

5.Both are greatly affected ... the temperature.

6.Cold temperatures are not desirable ... the period ... setting.

7.There are cements which are not affected ... cold temperatures.

8.Highly exothermal cements are used ... winter time.

9.All cements shrink ... setting.

10.Shrinkage depends ... water-cement ratio ... the mix.

VIII. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Что называется увеличением прочности цементного камня?

2.Цементный камень наращивает почти половину расчетной прочности за первые три дня.

3.Через 7 дней его расчетная прочность достигает 60 – 75 %.

4.Низкие температуры нежелательны в период затвердения цементного камня.

5.Какие цементы называют экзотермическими?

6.Существуют высокоэкзотермические цементы, которые используют для зимнего бетонирования.

7.Цементый камень подвергается усадке во время затвердения.

8.Чем меньше количество воды, тем меньше усадка и выше прочность цементного камня.

IX. Put all possible questions to the sentences.

1.Exothermal cements liberate a good deal of heat during setting.

2.Shrinkage depends on water-cement ratio in the mix.

X.Answer the following questions.

1.What is the text about?

2.What does cement improve during setting?

3.What process is named "strength gain"?

4.How long may this process continue?

5.What is the standard time of the strength gain?

6.Why are cold temperatures undesirable during setting?

7.What are the main differences between cements?

8.Why is shrinkage one of the main characteristics of cements?

9.What does shrinkage depend on?

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10. What additions does the shrinkage lessen?

XI. Sum up what the text said about the strength gain of cements.

XII. Match the following phrases with their definitions.

XIII. Speak about the most important characteristics of cements using the expressions in XII.

LESSON 3

Phonetics: [а:], [i:], [٨], [æ], [ŋ]

Grammar: To have

Text: Brick. Кирпич

I.Read and translate the following words:

article, particle, fast, past, pass, task, dark, bar, tar, far, partition, hard, glass, arch, after, mark, larch, vast, branch, answer, demand, cast, example;

cheap, heat, beam, steel, reason, keep, speed, treat, chief, need, ceiling, receive, field, engineering, appearance, deal, increase, piece, brief, we, meter;

but, cut, up, number, some, come, done, colour, result, under, touch, double, must, substance, publish, much, structure, cover, wonder, company;

where, there, their, rare, spare, square, chair, share, wear, bear, care, various;

strong, along, wrong, prolong, bring, pink, link, bank, mixing, sink, setting, blank, young, facing, among, according, morning, thing.

II.Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:

brick [`brik] – кирпич

artificial [a:ti`fi∫Əl] – искусственный reason [`ri:zn] – причина, основание to survive [sƏ`vaiv] – выжить

to influence [`influƏns] – влиять на ...

availability [aveilƏ`biliti] – наличие to obtain [Əb`tein] – добывать

to revive [ri`vaiv] – возрождать, возобновлять

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to deliver [di`livƏ] – доставлять to change [t∫eind ] – менять forming [`fo:miŋ] – формовка kind [`kaind] – вид, тип

facing [feisiŋ] – облицовочный common [`kOmƏn] – обычный

engineering [end i`niƏriŋ] – кирпич повышенной прочности hollow [`holou] – пустотелый

porous [`po:rƏs] – пористый lime-sand – силикатный reinforced – армированный refractory – огнеупорный

appearance [Ə`piƏrƏns] – внешний вид

resistance to impact [`impækt] – устойчивость удару wear [`wεƏ] – износ

to require [ri`kwaiƏ] – требовать

maintenance [`meintinƏns] – техническое обслуживание

III. Study the models and put the verbs into the Past and Future Simple. Make the sentences interrogative and negative.

Model 1: Brick-making has a long history.

Bricks have many properties.

Brick(s) had different size.

Bricks will have various thickness.

Model 2: Have bricks many properties?

Bricks have no advantages.

Will bricks have various thickness?

These bricks won't have various thickness.

1.Brick has reasonable price and durability.

2.Bricks have different size, colour and texture.

3.Engineering bricks have excellent resistance to wear.

4.This brick building has a modern design.

5.Hollow bricks have many advantages.

6.Brick-making has four stages: 1) mixing the material, 2) forming, 3) drying and

4)burning.

7.Porous bricks have more economical efficiency than ordinary bricks.

8.Usually bricks have length more than twice width.

9.All bricks have wide application in modern construction.

10.Bricks have been used in many countries for centuries.

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IV. What is the function of the verb "to have" in the following word-combinations?

V.Put all possible questions to the sentences.

1.Historically the use of brick has been influenced by the availability of raw materials.

2.In England the art of brick-making came and went with the Romans.

3.Engineering bricks must have excellent resistance to impact, corrosion and wear.

VI. Read and translate the text

BRICK

Brick was the first artificial building material made by man of clay and sand. There are practical and economic reasons why the use of brick has survived. Brick is reasonably priced, standardized product, durable, with good insulating properties, satisfactory porosity and weather-resistant.

Historically the use of brick has been influenced by the availability of raw materials. The main material clay can be obtained practically everywhere. Egypt and Mesopotamia have some of the earliest examples of brick -making. The Romans were quick to see its potential and organized production where they found the raw materials. In England the art of brick-making came and went with the Romans. But it revived in the Middle Ages and since then there has been the development of massproduction techniques and transport systems to deliver the products. In Russia bricks have been used in construction for centuries.

The basic principles of brick-making have never changed. This process was rather simple. Nowadays there are also four stages in the manufacture of bricks: 1) mixing the raw material, 2) forming 3) drying and 4) burning.

There are different kinds of bricks: facing, common, engineering, hollow and porous: reinforced and refractory. Facing bricks have a pleasant appearance. Common bricks are cheap. Engineering bricks have excellent resistance to impact, corrosion and wear. Hollow and porous bricks are lightweight and more economical than common ones.

Bricks are of different size, colour and texture. The principal structural defect of brick is its porosity.

Bricks are widely used in construction:

1) for bearing elements, for example, walls and foundations

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2)for producing aggregates

3)for decoration.

4)reinforced and refractory bricks are used in the metallurgy and glass industries for lining furnaces.

Brick structures require almost no maintenance. They are characterized by high durability and can last for hundreds of years.

VII. Put in the correct prepositions.

1.Brick was the first artificial building material made ... man.

2.The use ... brick has been influenced ... the availability ... raw materials.

3.Egypt has the earliest examples ... brick-making.

4.There are different kinds ... bricks.

5.The raw materials ... bricks are cheap.

6.The process ... manufacture is rather simple.

7.All bricks are ... different size, colour and texture.

8.Bricks are widely used ... construction ... build walls, facades and foundations.

9.Brick structures can last ... hundreds ... years.

10.Bricks have been used … construction … centuries … many countries.

VIII. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Глиняный кирпич – первый строительный материал, созданный человеком.

2.Существуют различные виды кирпичей.

3.Кирпич должен обладать прочностью, морозостойкостью, малым водонасыщением, малой теплопроводностью и устойчивостью к коррозии.

4.Основной материал для кирпичей – глина.

5.В производстве кирпича четыре стадии: 1) перемешивание сырья, 2) формовка, 3) сушка и 4) обжиг.

6.Кирпич используют для возведения конструкционных и конструкционнотеплоизоляционных зданий и сооружений.

7.Кирпичные здания отличаются высокой долговечностью.

8.Кирпич используют в строительстве сотни лет во многих странах.

9.Кирпич – ценный строительный материал.

IX. Learn the dialogues.

1.A – Do you know what a brick is?

B – Well, it's a hard piece of baked clay used for building. A – What is its usual size? Bricks vary in size.

B – For all I know, the American standard is 6,3 x 9,4 x 20 cm, the English brick is 7,5x11x22,3 cm. And what about the Russian standard?

A – The Russian clay brick is 25x12x6,5 cm in size.

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2.A – How are bricks manufactured?

B – There are four stages in their manufacture: 1) mixing the material,

2) forming, 3) drying and 4) burning.

A – And where are bricks manufactured in our region?

B – At the Semiluksky brick-making factory, for all I know.

X. Answer the following questions.

1.What is the text about?

2.What is brick?

3.What is the history of brick-making?

4.Have the basic principles of brick-making ever changed?

5.Is the process of brick-making simple or complicated?

6.What are the stages in the manufacture of bricks?

7.What properties do bricks have?

8.What kinds of brick are there?

9.Brick structures require almost no maintenance, don't they?

10.Why is brick so popular in modern construction?

XI. Make up a plan of the text.

XII. Sum up what the text said about bricks.

XIII. Speak about brick as the first artificial building material made by man. Make use of the key word combinations and expressions.

The main material clay, can be obtained, practically everywhere, Mesopotamia, Egypt and England, the basic principles of brickmaking, the Romans saw its potential, rapid development, due to, properties, equal to those of stone, transport system, mass-production techniques, practical and economic reasons, the availability of raw materials, kinds of brick, for bearing elements, brick structures, can last…

1.There is no doubt that… – нет сомнения в том, что…

2.I`m quite sure that… – я совершенно уверен, что…

3.It is necessary to stress… – важно подчеркнуть…

4.It has been the result of… – это явилось результатом…

5.Apart from… – в отличие от…

6.Characterize brick structures – охарактеризуйте кирпичные сооружения

LESSON 4

Phonetics: [æ], [ei], [Ə:], [ju:] Grammar: Simple Passive. Adverbs Text: Aggregates. Заполнители

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I.Read and translate the following words:

aspect, gravel, sand, fact, impact, factory, plan, panel, rapid, standard, attractive, practical, aggregate, expand, exam, gas;

name, aim, say, take, place, stage, day, grey, they, rate, clay, obtain, basic, eight, weight, able, again, wait, date;

serve, term, certain, person, purpose, inert, firm, burn, first, third, perfect, urgent; new, few, student, duty, super, produce, view, unit, using, news.

II.Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:

aggregate [`ægrigit] – заполнитель

inert substances [i`nƏ:t `s٨bstƏnsiz] – инертные вещества fine [`fain] – мелкий

coarse [`ko:s] – крупный to pass [`pa:s] – проходить mesh [`me∫] – сетка

variety [vƏ`raiƏti] – разнообразие various [`vεƏriƏs] – различный

crushed stone [`kr٨∫t `stoun] – дробленый камень = щебень crushed brick – кирпичный щебень

heavy [`hƏvi] – тяжелый lightweight [`laitweit] – легковесный dense [`dƏns] - плотный, густой

cohesion [kou`hi: n] – сцепление

expanded clay [iks`pændid] – вспученная глина foamed slag [`foumd] – вспененный шлак = термозит ash [`æ∫] – зола

bulk density [b٨lk] – объемный вес ceramzite – керамзит

vermiculite – вермикулит mica [`maikƏ] – слюда perlite – перлит agloporite – аглопорит

penoceralite – пенокералит

III. Study the models and put the verbs into the Past and Future Simple. Make the sentences interrogative and negative.

Model 1: Aggregates are used for various purposes. Aggregates were used in the past. Aggregates will be used to produce concretes.

Model 2: Are aggregates divided into two classes?

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Aggregates are not divided into two classes.

Were aggregated divided into 5 classes?

Aggregates were not divided into 5 classes?

Will aggregates be divided into 3 classes?

Aggregates won't be divided into 3 classes.

1.The term "aggregate" is used to describe inert substances, which are mixed with cement to produce concretes.

2.Cements are not used alone but they are always mixed with inert substances.

3.Aggregates are graded in size from fine to coarse.

4.Inert substances are called fine if they pass a 3/16 inch mesh.

5.Others are called coarse aggregates.

6.Aggregates are divided into heavy and lightweight

7.Expanded clay, perlite and ash are used to produce lightweight concretes.

8.Crushed rock, sand and gravel are used to produce dense concretes.

9.Aggregates are very important for producing concretes.

IV. Give synonyms to the following words and translate them into Russian.

Model: chief – main; главный, основной

To divide, usual, substance, common, to use, various, to prepare, purpose, to build, artificial, important, to call, rapid, to obtain.

V.Form adverbs adding the suffix «ly» and translate them into Russian.

Model: stem + ly = adverb

broad – broadly; широкий – широко

- ly: slow, wide, usual, normal, special, practical, high, hard, formal, main, essential, natural, close, certain, bad, efficient, general, complete.

VI. Read and translate the text

AGGREGATES

Aggregates are inert substances which are mixed with cement to produce concrete. There are fine and coarse aggregates. Fine aggregates are those which pass a 3/16 inch mesh. Others are called coarse aggregates. A wide variety of aggregates is used for various purposes. Aggregates are divided into two broad classes: natural heavy aggregates and artificial lightweight ones. The most usual heavy aggregates are sand, gravel, crushed stone. Crushed brick also comes into heavy class. Builders today say that crushed stone provides better cohesion in the mix and gives greater strength to concrete than gravel.

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Heavy aggregates are used to produce dense concretes. Lightweight aggregates are used to produce lightweight concretes. They are: expanded clay, foamed slag, ash. In recent years new porous aggregates with low bulk density appeared.

Ceramzite is a light gravel made of clay through special processing. Its one cubic metre varies between 400-700 kg. Vermiculite is also a porous light mineral of the mica family. Perlite is a glass-like substance of volcanic origin found in great quantities in Siberia and the Far East At the temperature of about 1200 С it is transformed into a light gravel, a cubic metre of which weighs 200-400 kg. Agloporite, termozite and penoceralite are also widely used both for lightweight concretes and insulating materials.

VII. Put in the correct prepositions.

1.Aggregates are mixed ... cement ... produce concrete.

2.Inert substances are used ... various purposes.

3.They can be divided ... two broad classes.

4. ... special purposes crushed stone is generally used.

5.Crushed rock and crushed brick come ... heavy class.

6.Ash, expanded clay, foamed slag come ... lightweight group.

7.The application ... aggregates reduces the cost ... the resulting material.

8.Lightweight aggregates are used ... produce lightweight concretes.

9.Porous aggregates ... low bulk density are used today.

10.All aggregates are important ... construction.

VIII. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Для приготовления бетона используют различные заполнители.

2.Cуществует множество видов этих инертных веществ.

3.Заполнители, которые проходят сквозь сито с ячейками 3/16 дюйма, называются мелкими.

4.Остальные входят в группу крупных заполнителей.

5.Дробленый камень используется как тяжелый заполнитель.

6.Тяжелые заполнители используют для производства плотных бетонов.

7.Для производства легких бетонов используют различные вспененные материалы.

8.Сейчас существуют новые легкие пористые заполнители – вермикулит, перлит, термозит и другие.

9.Заполнители влияют на качество растворов и бетонов.

10. Пористые заполнители имеют малый объемный вес. IX. Put all possible questions to the sentences.

1. Aggregates can be divided into two broad classes: heavy and lightweight.

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2.Crushed brick comes into heavy class.

3.Lightweight aggregates are used to produce lightweight concretes.

X.Answer the following questions.

1.What is the text about?

2.What are aggregates?

3.What are aggregates used for?

4.What types do fine aggregates refer to?

5.What types do coarse aggregates refer to?

6.How are aggregates classified?

7.What heavy aggregates do you know?

8.Speak about lightweight aggregates.

9.What aggregates are used to produce dense concretes?

10.What aggregates are used to produce lightweight concretes?

XI. Make up a plan of the text.

XII. Sum up the information of the text.

XIII. Speak about aggregates as common admixtures to a concrete mix.

LESSON 5

Phonetics: [i], [θ], [ð]

Grammar: Simple Active and Passive

Text: Concrete. Бетон

I.Read and translate the following words:

system, brick, mix, which, give, gypsum, is, timber, will, little, fill, build, simple, figure, million, width, symbol, carry, plenty, since;

method, monolithic, month, strength, width, think, thermal, thank, fifth, thick, synthetic, bath, south, depth, thought, length, theory;

they, that, with, there, then, those, within, thus, therefore, their, themselves, without, another, mother, further, bathe, other.

II.Learn the following words and word combinations to the text:

concrete [`kOnkri:t] – бетон, бетонировать dense [dens] – плотный

heat-insulating – теплоизоляционный heat-resistant – жаростойкий fast-hardening – быстротвердеющий

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