11. In accordance with the part that is cut off to form a new word classify the clippings into four groups: 1) final clipping; 2) initial clipping; 3) intial and final clipping; 4) medial clipping.

Showbiz < showbusiness, comfy < comfortable, ‘cause< because, praps < perhaps, mike < microphone, nark < narcotics, soc < society, veg < vegetable, specs < spectacles, taxi < taximeter cab, cab < cabriolet, pram < perambulator, French fries < French fried potatoes, gas < gasoline, gents < gentlemen’s room (lavatory), gym < gymnasium, lab < laboratory, lib < liberation as in Women’s Liberation Movement, mart < market, prof < professor, pseud (BrE) < pseudo (-intellectual), lit < literature, pub < public house, Stat < Statistics, telly (BrE) < television, hanky < handkerchief, tec < detective, van < caravan, Bella < Isabella, scrip < prescription, detox < detoxification, flu < influenza.

12.* Determine the original components of the following blends.

docusoap, alcopop, heliport, motel, boatel, breathalyzer, prosumer, Eurovision, multiversity, newscast, paratroops, telecast, travelogue, telex, smaze, positron, medicare, dawk, Eurailpass, Fritalux, identikit, petnapping, petrodollars, stagflation, swacket, vodkatini, docufantasy, dramacom, infomercial, telebook, toytoon.

13. Distinguish between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs below:

1) I held up my hand. I held up a bank. 2) Bob looked out of the window, it was raining. You’ll catch cold if you don’t look out. 3) A riot was quickly put down by the army. Put down the bucket there. 4) Your English is coming along really well. John came along with us to the cinema. 5) I can’t make out the meaning of this poem. How easy is it to make money out of gardening?

14.* From the sentences given below write out the words built up by back-formation. Give the original words from which they are formed.

1) They were accused of peddling drugs. 2) She used to edit the Observer. 3) A man on the corner was hawking T-shirts and souvenirs. 4) Rick was there, enthusing about life in Australia. 5) Rising oil prices stoked inflation. 6) Investors have been swindled out of millions of pounds. 7) Prosecutors will decide tomorrow if the trial is televised. 8) The concert organizers say they will donate all profits to charity. 9) The statue is sculpted in solid marble. 10) I was blood-transfused before he could operate. 11) He was computing from morning till night. 12) Please, lase this document now.

15.* Group the words formed by sound interchange into: 1) those formed by vowel-interchange; 2) those formed by consonant interchange; 3) those formed by combining both means, vowel and consonant interchange.

Stroke – to strike, sheath – to sheathe, song – to sing, hot – to heat, advice – to advise, bath – to bathe, life – to live, shelf – to shelve, glass – to glaze, abuse – to abuse, relief – to relieve, half – to halve, house – to house, thief – to thieve, use – to use, mouth – to mouth, belief – to believe, blood – to bleed, grief – to grieve, wreath – to wreathe, breath – to breathe.