24. Fill in the proper English words.

1. Warships have a higher (надводный борт) than passenger liners. 2. Ships are designed according to their (назначению). 3. Ships have to (удовлетворять) many demands. 4. Passenger liners call at the ports according to their (расписанию). 5. Modern cargo vessels (увеличили) their capacity. 6. (Что касается) types of ships, they differ greatly. 7. Passenger liners are (быстроходные) vessels. 8. (Торговые суда) may be of different types.

25. Match the synonyms.

1) to unload		a) to demand
2) to receive		b) up-to-date
3) modern		c) to house
4) to accommodate		d) to apply
5) berth		e) to discharge
6) battleship		f) each
7) to assist		g) pier
8) every		h) warship
9) to require		i) to help
10) to use		j) to get

26. Translate the word combinations.

1) vessels – 2000 vessels; over 2000 vessels, 2) miles – seven miles, about seven miles; 3) ship – container ship, fast container ship; 4) machinery – handling machinery, new handling machinery; 5) scheme – development scheme; large-scale development scheme; 6) carrier - timber carrier, packaged timber carrier, 75,000 ton bulk carrier; 7) berth – container berth, deep-water container berth; 8) port – export port, sea export port, deep sea export port, the biggest deep sea export port.

27. Read the text, translate it. Pay attention to the preposition over in passages 4 and 5. Find the preposition for (twice) in passage 3, compare its translation. In passage 6 find Past Participles.

    Types of Ships

1. Ships are divided into different types and classes according to the purposes for which they are built, type of machinery, speed at sea, etc.

2. According to the purposes the ships may be classified into merchant vessels and warships. As to machinery there are many kinds of ships: sailing vessels, steamships, motorships, turbinedriven ships diesel-electric and nuclear-powered ships.

3. Merchant ships may be of different types. The tendency of the last few years has been to develop ship types specialized for certain specific cargoes, although the multipurpose general cargo ship ¹ will probably be in use for some time to come.

4. Over the past quarter of a century there have been significant changes in the size, appearance and general characteristics of ships engaged in international commerce. The advance of design and construction technology through this period encouraged the development of ship types that could satisfy the growing economic demands for ships of greater capacity, propelled at faster speeds, etc.

5. Tankers and other bulk carriers have grown dramatically through this period, in size and power. Specialized carriers such as containerships, barge carriers ², ro-ros and liquefied gas carriers (LGC) were developed and have already become dominant in size and performance (if not in numbers) over the long-established general cargo ship. General cargo ships themselves have experienced major changes, all directed toward the rapid handling of cargo.

6. The general cargo ship is so called because of its ability to carry a variety of commodities in a variety of forms such as sacked, boxed, refrigerated, containerized, and with the possible accommodation for bulk materials such as grain in holds and special oils in tank compartments.

7. The general cargo ship capable of carrying all its cargo in containers is called the full containership. First containers appeared in the 1960s. Containerships are much faster than conventional cargo ships having speeds of up to 26 knots and even greater. They work on fixed schedules and between fixed ports. Because of their high speeds and complicated arrangements they are very costly. But apparently the large sums of money which have been spent on them are justified by the speed with which cargo can be dispatched.

8. The roll-on roll-off ship (ro/ro) was the forerunner of the full containership by nearly a decade, embodying the concept of transporting trailers, thus the name trailership was alternately used for this type of vessel.

9. The barge carrying ship is essentially a containership. The major differences are that its “containers” are larger than the standard container and are handled to and from the water instead of the dock. For example, the standard 20-ft container has a cubic capacity of approximately 12,000 ft, the standard LASH lighter ³ capacity of 20,000 ft and the standard SEABEE barge ⁴ has a capacity of 40,000 ft.

10. The history of tanker design and construction through the years since World War II has been highlighted by continued and progressive increase in size and power. From the general standard of about 25,000 deadweight ton capacity in the 40s the size of the tankers increased to one half million deadweight tons now. Installed power also increased from the range of 13,000 shp ⁵ to over 50,000 shp in the largest vessels.

11. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) was first transported at sea in 1959, and LNG tankers became commercially practical in 1964. Complex technical considerations are involved in carrying flammable liquid cargo at a temperature of about - 162ºC (–260ºF). Perhaps one of their greatest problems is the extremely high freeboard which results in high wind loading ⁶.

12. As one can see, no ship type has yet reached finality of design; today’s vessel is merely a link in the long chain of the constantly changing shape of ships.

¹ multipurpose general cargo ship – универсальное грузовое судно

² barge carrier (barge carrying ship) – баржевоз: судно для перевозки нагруженных барж

³ LASH (Loads Aboard Ship) lighter – лихтеровоз

⁴ SEABEE Barge – лихтеровоз типа «Сиби»

⁵ shp = shaft horse power – мощность на валу

⁶ wind loading – ветровая нагрузка