Бабик Т.М. Анатомия внутренних органов

ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢ-

ɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɟɛɧɹ ɩɨɞ-

ɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ – ɜ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɺɛɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱ-

ɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ – ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ (ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ),

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ (ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ), ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ III ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ.

ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɨɫɭ-

ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɥɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɵɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɢ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ – ɟɺ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ (ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬ-

ɧɵɣ) ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ. Ɂɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɫɦ) ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ ɬɚɡɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ-

ɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ – ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɦ (ɚɧɭɫɨɦ).

ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɥɭɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɝɚɭɫɬɪɵ. ȼ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟ-

ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɟɺ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚ-

ɧɚɥɟ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ) ɫɬɨɥ-

ɛɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ) ɫɢɧɭɫɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɜɵ-

ɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ – ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ) ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚɦɢ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ, ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚ-

ɺɦɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɯ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.

ɋɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɺɦɤɭ

(ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ

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ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ-

ɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ - ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ȼɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭ-

ɸɬ, ɚ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ), ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɶ

(ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɝɞɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɧɟɬ). ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-

ɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞ-

ɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨ-

ɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ. Ʉɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ (ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶ-

ɧɵɣ). ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ.

ɋɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɩɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞ-

ɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ), ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ – ɜɨɫ-

ɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɍ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɨ-

ɤɪɵɬɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ.

2.7 ɉɟɱɟɧɶ

ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɪɝɚ-

ɧɨɜ (ɦɚɫɫɚ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,5 ɤɝ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ. ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ,

ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɞɟɫɹɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɪɭɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ.

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ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚ-

ɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.

ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹ-

ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ (ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɩɫɢɧ, ɫɦɟɧɹɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭ-

ɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭ-

ɟɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ). ɀɟɥɱɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɭ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟ-

ɪɢɧ, ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ, ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɨɛɦɟ-

ɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɭɝ-

ɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ, ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ.

ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɭɸ (ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ (ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ) ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ (ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ, ɥɢɡɢɫ) ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɜɢɪɭɫɨɜ, ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɨɫɬɚ-

ɪɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɨɦɛɨɰɢɬɨɜ.

ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɲɥɹɩɤɭ ɝɪɢɛɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɜɵɩɭɤɥɭɸ,

ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɭɸ, ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ. Ⱦɢɚɮɪɚɝ-

ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ: ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ

"Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ"). ɋɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɞɨɥɢ: ɩɪɚɜɭɸ (ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ) ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ (ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ).

ɇɚ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ: ɥɟɜɚɹ, ɩɪɚ-

ɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ (ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɢɯ, ɩɨɩɟ-

ɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ. Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞ-

ɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɳɟɥɶ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ – ɳɟɥɶ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɳɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ

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(ɡɚɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ) ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ (ɡɚɪɨɫɲɢɣ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ).

Ʉɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ (ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡ-

ɤɢ) ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɫɟɪ-

ɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ; ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱ-

ɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɨɣ.

ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɟ, ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɹɦɤɭ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ – ɛɨɪɨɡɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɹ ɳɟɥɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɹɦɤɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ȼ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɟ-

ɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ, ɢɡ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ (ɠɟɥɱ-

ɧɵɣ) ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɨɥɢ: ɥɟɜɭɸ, ɩɪɚɜɭɸ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭɸ (ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ) ɢ

ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɭɸ (ɤɡɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ).

ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-

ɥɹ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ-

ɦɢ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨ-

ɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ ɢ ɳɟɥɶ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɉɨɞ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɟ-

ɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ (Ƚɥɢɫɫɨɧɨɜɚ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚ). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ (ɫɬɪɨɦɚ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ (4), ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ (8) ɢ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 500000). ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɶɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɲɟɫɬɢɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ (ɜɵɫɨɬɚ

1,5-2 ɦɦ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɨɜ. Ƚɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɵ ɜ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨ-

ɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɟ (ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ) ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɭɸ (ɚɪɬɟɪɢ-

ɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɭɸ) ɤɪɨɜɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟ-

ɧɭ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɝɟ-

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ɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ – ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɶɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɜɟɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟ-

ɫɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɢɚɞɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ – ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶ-

ɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ. Ɉɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪ-

ɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɧ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɟɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱ-

ɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ȼɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɧ ɞɨ-

ɥɟɤ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ (ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɜɟɧɵ ɢ, ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɜ 3-4 ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ.

2.8 ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ

ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɥɱɢ (ɨɛɴɺɦ 40-70 ɦɥ), ɩɪɢ-

ɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɟɺ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-

ɤɨɣ. ɍ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɧɨ, ɬɟɥɨ (ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ (ɤɨɧɭɫɨ-

ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɲɟɣɤɭ (ɭɡɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨ-

ɬɨɤ. Ⱦɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ.

ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɺɦ-

ɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɧɭɬ-

ɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɥɤɨɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ȼ ɩɭɡɵɪ-

ɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ (ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚ Ƚɟɣ-

ɫɬɟɪɚ), ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ

45

ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɵɲɰ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ). ɋɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ.

ɉɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ,

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ – ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ (ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪ-

ɫɬɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ (ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-

ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥ-

ɱɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. ȼɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬ, ɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵ-

ɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ, ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭ-

ɡɵɪɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɨɛ-

ɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ, ɠɟɥɱɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ (ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɺɦ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ) ɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɋɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɟɺ ɩɨ-

ɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.

2.9 ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ

ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬ-

ɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ) ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ XIXII ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ – I-II ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɟɺ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 70-80 ɝ. ɍ ɩɨɞ-

ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ, ɲɟɣɤɚ, ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬ-

ɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɨɬ ɟɺ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ. ɇɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ. Ɍɟɥɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟ-

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ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɚɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪ. ɏɜɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ.

ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ,

ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ. ɉɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (1-2 ɦɥɧ.), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ɗɤɡɨɤɪɢɧ-

ɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɚɦɢ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ), ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-

ɜɚɧ 8-12 ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ – ɚɰɢɧɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ.

Ⱥɰɢɧɨɰɢɬɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ,

ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɠɢɪɵ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ). ɗɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ (Ʌɚɧɝɟɪɝɚɧɫɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɠɧɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɦɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɧɫɭ-

ɥɨɰɢɬɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɥɶɤɚɯ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭ-

ɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 97%

ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 3% ɟɺ ɦɚɫɫɵ.

ȼɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ (ɜɧɭɬ-

ɪɢɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟ-

ɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɟɺ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭ-

ɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ. ȼɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-

ɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɡ-

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ɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɩɨ-ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ

(ɜ 2/3 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ) ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɟ (ɜ 1/3 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ).

3 ȾɕɏȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ

Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ – ɧɚɫɵɳɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɺ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɧɨɫ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ) ɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ). ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ,

ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ (ɞɨ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,

ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ), ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬ-

ɞɚɱɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.

3.1 ɇɨɫ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ

ɇɨɫ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɧɨɫ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɬɪɺɯɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɨɣ, ɭ

ɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɫɩɢɧɤɭ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ (ɤɨɧɱɢɤ) ɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɹ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɨɫɚ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɚ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɟɣ, ɫɩɢɧɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɜɵɩɭɤ-

ɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ. Ʉɪɵɥɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɨɫɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɧɨɡɞɪɢ. ɇɨɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɥɢɰɚ

(ɧɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɧɨɫɚ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɝɭɛɭ ɢ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɧɨɫɚ), ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɠɚ. Ʉɨɫɬɢ (ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɫɬɢ

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ɢ ɥɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɏɪɹɳɢ ɧɨɫɚ (ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɯɪɹɳɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ, ɯɪɹɳ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ (ɱɟɪɟɩɚ) ɢ ɩɨ-

ɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɫɚ (ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ.

ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɨɡɞɪɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɫɨɨɛ-

ɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɯɨɚɧɵ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ. ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɧɨɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ (ɡɚɞɧɟɣ), ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧ-

ɱɚɬɨɣ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ). ɏɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ, ɩɟɪɟ-

ɩɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɧɨɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɧɨɫɚ, ɨɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ – ɜɢɛɪɢɫɫɵ.

ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɧɨɫɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ (ɫɨɛ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ) ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɦ – ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɧɨɫɚ.

ɇɚ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢ-

ɧɵ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨ-

ɪɨɞɤɨɣ ɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ. ɋ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ ɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɧɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɚ-

ɡɭɯɚɦɢ. ɋ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɪɟɲɺɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɨ-

ɫɬɢ, ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɪɟɲɺɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ,

ɥɨɛɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ, ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ – ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɚ-

ɡɭɯɚ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚ-

ɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨ-

ɪɵ). ȼ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɺɡɧɨ-ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɥɺɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ.

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ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ. Ʉ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨ-

ɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ, ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ

ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɋɟɫɧɢɬ-

ɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɸ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɛɨ-

ɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɟɤɪɟ-

ɬɨɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ), ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɞɵ-

ɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ʉ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ,

ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɞ-

ɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɧɫɨɪ-

ɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɨɪɝɚɧ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ). ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

3.2 Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ

Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ IV-VI ɲɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ-

ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɲɟɢ, ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ – ɞɨɥɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ,

ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɚɯɟɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɩɚɡɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɚ-

ɲɟɥɶ). ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨ-

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