Бабик Т.М. Анатомия внутренних органов

ɝɧɭɬɵ. ɍ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. 3-ɢɢ ɦɨɥɹ-

ɪɵ (ɡɭɛɵ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɛɟɥɶɧɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ, ɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ.

Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ) ɡɭɛɵ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɦɨ-

ɥɹɪɵ. Ʉɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɱɺɬɱɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ (ɲɟɣɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ), ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɟɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ.

Ɍɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɭɛɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ, ɷɦɚɥɶ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚ-

ɬɵɦ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɦ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɩɨɹɫ. Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ, ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɟ, ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ "ɤɥɟɳɟɜɢɞɧɨ" ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.

ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ

ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɞɭɝ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ. ȼ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɡɭɛɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ, ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ: 2 1 2 3, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ: 2 1 0 2.

ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɤɥɵɤɨɜ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ – ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɚɹ – ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ (ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɤ ɤɪɚɸ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ).

ɉɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɡɭɛɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ. Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 6-7 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ 2-2,5 ɝɨɞɚ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɰɵ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɤɥɵɤɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧ-

ɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 5-6 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ 12-13 ɥɟɬ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɠɟ (ɜ 18-25 ɥɟɬ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ: ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɪɟɡɰɵ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɤɥɵɤɢ, ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟ-

ɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ.

2.1.1.4 ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ

ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɺɫɧɚɦɢ, ɫɜɟɪɯɭ – ɧɺɛɨɦ, ɫɧɢɡɭ – ɧɚɞɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɦɢ

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ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɲɟɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ ɪɬɚ. ɋɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ ɡɟɜɚ – ɭɡɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɺɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɠɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɪ-

ɧɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɥɨɬɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨ-

ɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɡɭɛɚɯ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ.

ɇɺɛɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɟ. Ɍɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɧɺɛɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɺɛɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵ-

ɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɲɨɜ ɧɺɛɚ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɰɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɨɱɟɤ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɡɰɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ). ɉɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬ-

ɤɚ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɧɺɛɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ (ɱɚɳɟ

3-4), ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɫɧɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, ɜɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ, ɢ ɫɨ-

ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠ-

ɧɨɣ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɤɨɩ-

ɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ), ɜ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɟɬɹɯ – ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ (ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ). ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

Ɇɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ – ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɺɛɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɺɛɧɵɦ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢ-

ɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨ-

ɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ɋɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɜɧɟ ɚɤɬɚ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ, ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ – ɤ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɟ. ɉɟ-

ɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɜɢɫɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɺɛɧɚɹ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɹɡɵɱɨɤ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɞɭɠɤɢ: ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ

(ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ) ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ (ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɭɠ-

ɤɚɦɢ, ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɭ (ɝɥɚɧɞɚ). ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ

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ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɨɣ. ɇɺɛɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɶ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɵ (ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɢɧɵ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ,

ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɟɺ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ (ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ). ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚ-

ɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɦɨɱɤɢ (10-20), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɫɬɶɹɦɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɢɩɬ – ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟ-

ɧɢɣ, ɜɟɬɜɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɟ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ. Ɇɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ, ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɭ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ "Ɂɟɜ".

Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɢ ɡɟɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ: ɦɵɲɰɚ,

ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɺɛ-

ɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚɹ (ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ)

ɦɵɲɰɚ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɚɞɶɟ-

ɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɤɪɸɱɨɤ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ – ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɭ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɟɺ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɜ ɦɹɝɤɨɦ ɧɺɛɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɺɛɧɨɦɭ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɭ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɯ ɞɭɠɤɚɯ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɳɢɬɨ-

ɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɜ ɦɹɝɤɨɦ ɧɺɛɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɭɱɤɢ.

ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨ-

ɧɵ ɢ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ,

ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ

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ɤɪɸɱɤɭ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɫɬɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɹɡɵɱɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚ-

ɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ, ɫ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ,

ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɬɹɧɟɬ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ, ɧɺɛɧɨ-

ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɬɹɧɟɬ ɦɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɝɨɪ-

ɬɚɧɶ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɱɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɡɜɭɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɢ.

Ɋɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɢ ɹɡɵɱɨɤ (ɨɛɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɨ-

ɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, ɜɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ. ɇɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ

ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ

(ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ). ȼ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɫɥɢ-

ɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɷɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɦɵɲɰ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ. ɇɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɩɨɤɪɵ-

ɬɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

2.1.1.5 əɡɵɤ

əɡɵɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɢɳɢ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ), ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨ-

ɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ.

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əɡɵɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɥɨ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɹ. Ɍɟɥɨ – ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɚ-

ɹɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ, ɤɨɪɟɧɶ – ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ,

ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ. ɇɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ (ɩɪɟɞɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɛɨ-

ɪɨɡɞɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɩɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ, ɭ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɡɚɪɨɫɲɟɝɨ ɳɢɬɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ.

əɡɵɤ ɩɨɤɪɵɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ. ɉɨɞ-

ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢ-

ɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɬɪɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ:

ɧɟɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ ɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɛɨɤɨɜɭɸ ɹɡɵɱɧɨ-

ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɭɸ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɹɦɤɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. ɋ

ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ

(ɞɧɨ) ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɭɡɞɟɱɤɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ.

ɇɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ – ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ). Ɉɫ-

ɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɟɺ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ). ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɝɪɢɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ. ɇɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɹ ɟɣ ɛɚɪɯɚɬɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɺɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ƚɪɢɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɍ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱ-

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ɤɨɜ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɧɨɠɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ. Ʌɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ-

ɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ. ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɀɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ

(ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɚɬɵɯ) ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ 7-12, ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ V, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ɀɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨ-

ɫɨɱɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɟɺ ɬɨɥɳɭ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɡɤɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ, ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ. Ʉɚɠ-

ɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɨɣ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɥɢɤ – ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɟ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ȼ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɱɚ-

ɫɬɢɰ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɝɪɢɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪ-

ɠɢɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ (ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜɤɭɫɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɢ ɧɢɬɟ-

ɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ.

ɇɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɭɡɟɥɤɨɜ, ɫɨɜɨ-

ɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ.

ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɬ-

ɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ (ɞɨ 100). ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɵɲɰ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɢ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ),

ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɟ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ) ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ

(ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ).

ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨ-

ɪɨɞɤɨɣ. Ⱥɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɤɨɥɥɚ-

ɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-

ɤɢ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ, ɜɧɢɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨ-ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ.

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Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɨɬ ɮɢɛ-

ɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɟ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢ-

ɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ,

ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ. ɉɨɩɟ-

ɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɭ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɺɜ; ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɛɨ-

ɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɹɡɵɤ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲ-

ɤɭ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ,

ɞɟɥɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɢɧɤɭ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɣ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɭɩɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ. ɋɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɲɢɥɨɹɡɵɱ-

ɧɚɹ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ. ɒɢɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢ-

ɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɲɢɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɲɢɥɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ,

ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɬ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ,

ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɬ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ. ɋɭ-

ɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɹɡɵ-

ɤɚ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ɒɢɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɬɹ-

ɧɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ, ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨ-

ɞɨɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ, ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɫɨɤɪɚ-

ɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪ-

ɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ.

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2.1.2 ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɬɚ

ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ.

Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨ-

ɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ (ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ): ɝɭɛɧɵɟ, ɧɺɛɧɵɟ, ɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ,

ɳɺɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɳɟɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟ-

ɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ, ɦɚɥɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɦɢ (ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɦɢ), ɫɥɢ-

ɡɢɫɬɵɦɢ (ɦɭɤɨɡɧɵɦɢ) ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦɢ (ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɦɢ).

Ʉ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ:

ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɚɹ, ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɚɦɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ

ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ. ȼɵɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ

ɳɺɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɚ. ɉɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ,

ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɜ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɟ (ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɤɚɦɢ ɞɜɭɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ). ȼɵɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɧɭɬ-

ɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɫɨ-

ɫɨɱɤɟ – ɩɚɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɨɞɴ-

ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɢɡɢ-

ɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉɨ ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ, ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɍ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɫɨ-

ɫɨɱɤɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ.

Ɉɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭ-

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ɥɨɣ. Ɉɬ ɤɚɩɫɭɥ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ. Ⱦɨɥɶ-

ɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ (ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ,

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɨɣ (ɜɵɜɨɞ-

ɧɵɟ) ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɠɟɥɺɡ.

ɋɦɟɫɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɪɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ. ɋɥɸɧɚ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɠɺɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɢɳɭ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɟɺ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢ-

ɜɚɧɢɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɜɤɭɫɨ-

ɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɯɚɧɢɹ.

2.2 Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ

Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ, ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 12-15 ɫɦ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ VI ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ. Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɟɺ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨ-

ɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɬ-

ɤɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɭ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ, ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ.

ɇɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ (ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ) ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɟɺ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɧɨɫɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɞɨɦ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ; ɤɧɢɡɭ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ (ɚɞɟɧɨɢɞɧɚɹ) ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚ,

ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɜɢɞ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɟɺ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

4-8 ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɦɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨ-

ɜɵɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ: ɯɨɚɧɵ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ, ɢ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬ-

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ɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ (ɟɜɫɬɚɯɢɟɜɨɣ) ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. Ƚɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɜɟɪ-

ɯɭ ɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ – ɬɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɢɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɬɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɢɤ ɩɟ-

ɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɢɤ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜ-

ɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ɉɨɡɚɞɢ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɭɛ-

ɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɞɚ-

ɥɢɧɨɣ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɡɟɜɚ (ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ, ɧɺɛɧɨɣ), ɬɪɭɛɧɚɹ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ (ɉɢɪɨɝɨɜɚ-ȼɚɥɶɞɟɣɟɪɚ),

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

Ɋɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ (ɪɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ) ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɬɚ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ (ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ,

ɫɭɠɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɤɧɢɡɭ (ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ), ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ. ɇɚ ɩɟ-

ɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ – ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨ-

ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. ɇɢɠɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɜɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ,

ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɪ-

ɦɚɧ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧ-

ɧɵɣ ɧɟɪɜ, ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ. ɉɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ,

ɧɺɛɧɚɹ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɹ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ

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