Бабик Т.М. Анатомия внутренних органов

Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ (ɛɚɪɬɨɥɢɧɨɜɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ,

ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, 1,5-2 ɫɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɦɟɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȿɺ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɫɦ) ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɜ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨ-

ɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɭɛɵ ɢ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɟɺ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚ 1,5-2 ɫɦ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-

ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɟɺ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɞɚɯ.

Ʉɥɢɬɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-

ɜɚɧ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ (ɩɪɚɜɵɦ, ɥɟɜɵɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɩɟɳɟ-

ɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɬɟɥɚɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ.

ɉɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɨɟ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 2,5-3,5 ɫɦ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɶɸ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɡɚɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɡɚɞɢ, – ɝɨ-

ɥɨɜɤɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɨɠɟɣ. Ɂɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɪɚɫɯɨ-

ɞɹɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɧɨɠɤɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɫɦ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɜɟɬɜɹɦ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-

ɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ. Ɉɬ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɵ, ɨɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ, ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɤɭɧ ɤɪɨ-

ɜɶɸ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɷɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ. Ȼɟɥɨɱ-

ɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ), ɜ

ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɳɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡ-

ɤɚ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɧɨɠɤɚɦɢ.

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7 ɉɈɅɈɋɌɖ ɀɂȼɈɌȺ ɂ ɌȺɁȺ. ȻɊɘɒɂɇȺ

ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ (ɛɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ,

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ – ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɨ-

ɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɰɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɹɫ-

ɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɠɢ-

ɜɨɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɛɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɵ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼɧɢɡɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨ-

ɥɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɡɚ (ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɵ-

ɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ – ɬɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ ɩɨɞ-

ɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. ɇɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ

(ɞɧɨɦ) ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ ɬɚɡɚ. ɋɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨ-

ɤɪɵɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ (ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ), ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɡɚ – ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ (ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɬɚɡɚ). Ȼɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɧɟɪɜɵ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɭɸ ɩɨ-

ɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ (ɜɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ).

Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ – ɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ (ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ) ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ

(ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-

ɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɚ, ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɦɚɬɤɭ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ. Ɇɟɠ-

ɞɭ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ – ɫɥɨɣ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɇɟɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪ-

ɠɢɬ ɠɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɭ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨ-

ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ

102

ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɭɸ ɮɚɫɰɢɸ. ɉɨɡɚɞɢɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ (ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɠɢ-

ɜɨɬɚ), ɩɨɡɚɞɢɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɟ (ɩɪɟɞɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɟ) ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɢɦɮɢ-

ɡɨɦ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ.

ȼɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ: ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ

(ɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ), ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɦɟɡɨɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-

ɧɢɟ) ɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɬɪɨɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨ-

ɠɟɧɢɟ). Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɵɦɢ. ɋɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ: ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɚɦɩɭɥɭ ɞɜɟɧɚ-

ɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɬɨɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɥɟɩɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱ-

ɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɦɚɬɨɱ-

ɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ, ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɭ. ɋ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ: ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭ-

ɡɵɪɶ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɦɚɬɤɭ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɩɨ-

ɤɪɵɬɵ: ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ), ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲ-

ɤɢ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɨɱɤɚ, ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ.

Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ, ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɵ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ,

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɧɟɪɜɵ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ,

ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ,

ɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɦɮɨɨɬɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ, ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. ɋɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ (ɥɢɧɢɹ) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɛɪɵ-

ɠɟɣɤɢ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɨɤ (ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ), ɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡ-

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ɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛ-

ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.

ɉɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ: ɧɟɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɚɪ-

ɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ. ɋɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ, ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɢ ɩɭɩɨɱ-

ɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɨɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ (ɨɛɥɢɬɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɱɟ-

ɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ) ɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ (ɨɛɥɢɬɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ)

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ. ɍ ɨɫɧɨ-

ɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɹɦɤɢ: ɧɚɞɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɥɚ-

ɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɵɟ. ɇɚɞɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɚ-

ɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ – ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɥɚ-

ɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɇɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ, ɧɚ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ – ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ. Ɇɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɟ, ɨɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ (ɫɧɢɡɭ), ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ (ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ (ɥɚɬɟ-

ɪɚɥɶɧɨ).

ɉɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɜɟ-

ɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟ-

ɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɜ. Ʌɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɟɧɟɱ-

ɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ (ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ) ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟ-

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ɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɫɨ-

ɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ.

ȼɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɨɬ ɟɺ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɱɺ-

ɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɭɸ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡ-

ɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ. ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-

ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ,

ɩɪɚɜɵɟ, ɥɟɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ (ɜɞɨɥɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɢ-

ɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ). ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɺ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ: ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɟɺ ɜɟɬɜɢ, ɜɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ. ɉɨɤɪɵɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ. ɋ

ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ-

ɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ. ɋ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚ-

ɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɟ-

ɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɬ-

ɤɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ (ɜɞɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ). ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɞɨ-

ɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ, ɢ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚ-

ɫɬɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ (ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ). Ɂɚɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-

ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɹ ɞɨ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ, ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɡɚɞɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨ-

ɞɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ, ɢ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ (ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱ-

ɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ). Ɉɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɢɡɝɢɛɭ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫ ɩɨ-

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ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝ-

ɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ,

ɜɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ.

ɋɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɩɪɚɜɟɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ,

ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɡ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɬɟɥɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɡɚɝɢɛɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ (ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɵ) ɛɪɸɲɢ-

ɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɞɨɣɞɹ ɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɫɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-

ɫɬɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ,

ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ (ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ),

ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ – ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.

ɉɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ,

ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɤ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɧ-

ɬɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶ-

ɧɢɤɚ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɜɢɫɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨ-

ɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ). ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-

ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ (ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɜɨɡɥɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɠɟ-

ɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ (ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ),

ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ (ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ)

ɢ ɦɥɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɛɥɟɞɧɨ-ɠɺɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ), ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɰɢɬɵ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ).

106

ɀɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡ-

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.

Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ,

ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ (ɜ

ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ) ɪɚɜɧɚ 10-15 ɫɦ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 18-20 ɫɦ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɠɢ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɠɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ. ɉɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ-

ɫɬɜɨ) ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɟɜɟɟ ɟɺ ɩɪɨ-

ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɠɟ-

ɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɨ-

ɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ-

ɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɨɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ (ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ). ɉɨɞɩɟɱɺ-

ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɫɟɪɩɨ-

ɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱ-

ɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱ-

ɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɫɧɢɡɭ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ɇɟɞɢ-

ɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ.

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Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɨɦ, ɦɚɥɵɦ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭ-

ɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɨɣ. ɋɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨ-

ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɷɬɚɠɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ȿɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ – ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɚɨɪɬɭ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ, ɬɟɥɨ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭ-

ɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɥɟɜɵɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ. ɋɜɟɪɯɭ ɫɚɥɶ-

ɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɫɧɢɡɭ – ɩɨɩɟ-

ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ. ɋɥɟɜɚ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ (ȼɢɧɫɥɨɜɨ) ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 2-3 ɫɦ), ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ.

ɋɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-

ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ – ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ȼɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡ-

ɤɚ. Ʉ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɸ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ – ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ.

Ɉɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ ɧɟɪɨɜɧɵɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ, ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ –ɝɚɫɬɪɨɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɹɫ-

ɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɇɢɠ-

ɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɥɟɜɨ ɜ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫ-

ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ, ɝɚɫɬɪɨɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞ-

ɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɥɟɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ,

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɟɟ, – ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɭ.

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ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɠɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣ-

ɤɭ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɚ 15-17 ɫɦ (ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 20-25

ɫɦ). Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɬɟɥɚ II ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɫɯɨ-

ɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɚɨɪɬɵ, ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ,

ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 16-18 ɫɦ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɉɪɚɜɵɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-

ɱɟɧ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɢ-

ɧɭɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ. Ɉɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɲɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ. Ȼɪɵ-

ɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɹɦɤɢ) ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɢɧɭɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ, ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱ-

ɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛ-

ɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɞ-

ɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɟɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ. ɂɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ, ɧɚɯɨ-

ɞɹɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɵɲɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɟ-

ɩɭɸ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢ-

ɫɬɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɸ.

ɋ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲ-

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ɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹ-

ɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɢɧɭɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ,

ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨ-

ɬɨɳɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.

ɉɨɡɚɞɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ,

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ.

ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɛɨɤɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣ-

ɤɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɚ 12-14 ɫɦ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɟɪɟɜɺɪɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɵ V, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɤɨɪɧɹ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟ-

ɞɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ IV-V ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ. Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɞ-

ɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɉɪɚɜɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ

ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɦɟɠɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ.

Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ. ɋ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɢ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɨɤɨɥɨɩɭ-

ɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠ-

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