- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •Reviewers
- •Contents
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •CYTOPLASM
- •Plasmalemma
- •Mitochondria
- •Ribosomes
- •Endoplasmic Reticulum
- •Golgi Apparatus, cis-Golgi Network, and the trans-Golgi Network
- •Endosomes
- •Lysosomes
- •Peroxisomes
- •Proteasomes
- •Cytoskeleton
- •Inclusions
- •NUCLEUS
- •CELL CYCLE
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •EPITHELIUM
- •Epithelial Membranes
- •GLANDS
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
- •Fibers
- •Amorphous Ground Substance
- •Extracellular Fluid
- •CELLS
- •CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •CARTILAGE
- •BONE
- •Cells of Bone
- •Osteogenesis
- •Bone Remodeling
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD
- •Lymphocytes
- •Neutrophils
- •PLASMA
- •COAGULATION
- •HEMOPOIESIS
- •Erythrocytic Series
- •Granulocytic Series
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •SKELETAL MUSCLE
- •Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
- •CARDIAC MUSCLE
- •SMOOTH MUSCLE
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
- •NEURONS
- •Membrane Resting Potential
- •Action Potential
- •Myoneural Junctions
- •Neurotransmitter Substances
- •SUPPORTING CELLS
- •PERIPHERAL NERVES
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
- •HEART
- •ARTERIES
- •Capillary Permeability
- •Endothelial Cell Functions
- •VEINS
- •LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEM
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- •Antigen-Presenting Cells
- •DIFFUSE LYMPHOID TISSUE
- •LYMPH NODES
- •TONSILS
- •SPLEEN
- •THYMUS
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •PITUITARY GLAND
- •Pars Intermedia
- •Pars Nervosa and Infundibular Stalk
- •Pars Tuberalis
- •THYROID GLAND
- •Parathyroid Glands
- •Suprarenal Glands
- •Cortex
- •Medulla
- •Pineal Body
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •SKIN
- •Epidermis of Thick Skin
- •Dermis
- •DERIVATIVES OF SKIN
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •CONDUCTING PORTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- •Extrapulmonary Region
- •Intrapulmonary Region
- •RESPIRATORY PORTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- •MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •ORAL CAVITY AND ORAL MUCOSA
- •Oral Mucosa
- •Tongue
- •Teeth
- •Odontogenesis (See Graphic 13-2)
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •REGIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
- •Esophagus
- •Stomach
- •Small Intestine
- •Large Intestine
- •GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
- •DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
- •Carbohydrates
- •Proteins
- •Lipids
- •Water and Ions
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
- •PANCREAS
- •LIVER
- •Exocrine Function of the Liver
- •Endocrine and Other Functions of the Liver
- •GALLBLADDER
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •KIDNEY
- •Uriniferous Tubule
- •Nephron
- •Collecting Tubules
- •FORMATION OF URINE FROM ULTRAFILTRATE
- •EXTRARENAL EXCRETORY PASSAGES
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •OVARY
- •Ovarian Follicles
- •Regulation of Follicle Maturation and Ovulation
- •Corpus Luteum and Corpus Albicans
- •GENITAL DUCTS
- •Oviduct
- •Uterus
- •FERTILIZATION, IMPLANTATION, AND THE PLACENTA
- •Fertilization and Implantation
- •Placenta
- •VAGINA
- •EXTERNAL GENITALIA
- •MAMMARY GLANDS
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •TESTES
- •Spermatogenesis
- •GENITAL DUCTS
- •ACCESSORY GLANDS
- •PENIS
- •Erection and Ejaculation
- •Chapter Summary
- •CHAPTER OUTLINE
- •SENSORY ENDINGS
- •Chapter Summary
- •Terminology of Staining
- •Common Stains Used in Histology
- •Hematoxylin and Eosin
- •Wright Stain
- •Weigert Method for Elastic Fibers and Elastic van Gieson Stain
- •Silver Stain
- •Iron Hematoxylin
- •Bielschowsky Silver Stain
- •Masson Trichrome
- •Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction (PAS)
- •Alcian Blue
- •von Kossa Stain
- •Sudan Red
- •Mucicarmine Stain
- •Safranin-O
- •Toluidine Blue
Chapter Summary
Endocrine glands are characterized by the absence of ducts and the presence of a rich vascular network. The parenchymal cells of endocrine glands are usually arranged in short cords, follicles, or clusters, although other arrangements are also common.
II. THYROID GLAND
A. Capsule
The capsule of the thyroid gland consists of a thin collagenous connective tissue from which septa extend into the substance of the gland, subdividing it into lobules.
I. PITUITARY GLAND
The pituitary gland is invested by a connective tissue capsule. The gland is subdivided into four component parts.
A. Pars Anterior
1. Cell Types
a. Chromophils
1. Acidophils
Stain pink with hematoxylin and eosin. They are found mostly in the center of the pars anterior.
2. Basophils
Stain darker than acidophils with hematoxylin and eosin. They are more frequently found at the periphery of the pars anterior.
b. Chromophobes
Chromophobes are smaller cells whose cytoplasm is not granular and has very little affinity for stain. They may be recognized as clusters of nuclei throughout the pars anterior.
B. Pars Intermedia
The pars intermedia is rudimentary in man. Small basophils are present as well as colloid-filled follicles.
C. Pars Nervosa and Infundibular Stalk
These have the appearance of nervous tissue. The cells of the pars nervosa are pituicytes, resembling neuroglial cells. They probably support the unmyelinated nerve fibers, whose terminal portions are expanded, since they store neurosecretions within the pars nervosa. These expanded terminal regions are known as Herring bodies.
D. Pars Tuberalis
The pars tuberalis is composed of cuboidal cells arranged in cords. They may form small colloid-filled follicles.
B. Parenchymal Cells
The parenchymal cells of the thyroid gland form colloidfilled follicles composed of
1.Follicular Cells (simple cuboidal epithelium)
2.Parafollicular Cells (clear cells) located at the periphery of the follicles
C. Connective Tissue
Slender connective tissue elements support a rich vascular supply.
III. PARATHYROID GLAND
A. Capsule
The gland is invested by a slender collagenous connective tissue capsule from which septa arise to penetrate the substance of the gland.
B. Parenchymal Cells
1. Chief Cells
Chief cells are numerous, small cells with large nuclei that form cords.
2. Oxyphils
Oxyphils are larger, acidophilic, and much fewer in number than chief cells.
C. Connective Tissue
Collagenous connective tissue septa as well as slender reticular fibers support a rich vascular supply. Fatty infiltration is common in older individuals.
IV. SUPRARENAL GLAND
The suprarenal gland is invested by a collagenous connective tissue capsule. The gland is subdivided into a cortex and a medulla.
252
A. Cortex
The cortex is divided into three concentric zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.
1. Zona Glomerulosa
The zona glomerulosa is immediately deep to the capsule. It consists of columnar cells arranged in arches and spherical clusters.
2. Zona Fasciculata
The thickest zone of the cortex is the zona fasciculata.The more or less cuboidal cells (spongiocytes) are arranged in long, parallel cords. Spongiocytes appear highly vacuolated except for those of the deepest region, which are smaller and much less vacuolated.
3. Zona Reticularis
The innermost zone of the cortex is the zona reticularis. It is composed of small, dark cells arranged in irregularly anastomosing cords. The intervening capillaries are enlarged.
B. Medulla
The medulla is small in humans and is composed of large, granule-containing chromaffin cells arranged in short
E N D O C R I N E S Y S T E M 253
cords. Additionally, large autonomic ganglion cells are also present. A characteristic of the medulla is the presence of large veins.
V. PINEAL BODY
A. Capsule
The capsule, derived from pia mater, is thin collagenous connective tissue. Septa derived from the capsule divide the pineal body into incomplete lobules.
B. Parenchymal Cells
1. Pinealocytes
Pinealocytes are recognized by the large size of their nuclei.
2. Neuroglial Cells
Neuroglial cells possess smaller, denser nuclei than the pinealocytes.
C. Brain Sand
Characteristic of the pineal body are the calcified accretions in the extracellular spaces, known as brain sand or corpora arenacea.
11 INTEGUMENT
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Graphics
Graphic 11-1 Skin and Its Derivatives p. 262
Graphic 11-2 Hair, Sweat Glands, and Sebaceous
Glands p. 263
Tables
Table 11-1 Characteristics of Thick and Thin Skin Table 11-2 Nonepithelial Cells of the Epidermis
Plates
Plate 11-1 |
Thick Skin p. 264 |
Fig. 1 |
Thick skin |
Fig. 2 |
Thick skin |
Fig. 3 |
Thick skin |
Fig. 4 |
Thick skin |
Plate 11-2 |
Thin Skin p. 266 |
Fig. 1 |
Thin skin. Human |
Fig. 2 |
Thin skin. Human |
Fig. 3 |
Thin skin. Human |
Plate 11-3 |
Hair Follicles and Associated Structures, |
|
Sweat Glands p. 268 |
Fig. 1 |
Hair follicle. Human l.s. |
Fig. 2 |
Hair follicle. Human x.s. |
Fig. 3 |
Sebaceous gland. Human |
Fig. 4 |
Sweat gland |
Plate 11-4 |
Nail, Pacinian and Meissner’s Corpuscles |
|
p. 270 |
Fig. 1 |
Fingernail l.s. |
Fig. 2 |
Fingernail x.s. |
Fig. 3 |
Meissner’s corpuscle |
Fig. 4 |
Pacinian corpuscle |
Plate 11-5 |
Sweat Gland, Electron Microscopy (EM) |
|
p. 272 |
Fig. 1 |
Sweat gland. Human (EM) x.s. |
254