Evolyutsia_koreyskogo_goroda_Formirovanie_gorodskogo_prostranstva_i_transformatsia_arkhitekturnoy_formy

ȽɅȺȼȺ 3.

ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊȺ ȻɈɅɖɒɂɏ ɄɈɊɈɅȿȼɋɄɂɏ ȾȼɈɊɐɈȼ

ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɫɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ ɪɢɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɦ ɱɠɨɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XI ɜ ɝ

ɞɨ Ɋɏ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɇɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟ ɧɢɟ ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɝɟɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬ12 ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɵɫɨɬɧɵɟ

ɝɨɪɵ ɪɟɤɢ ɪɭɱɶɢ ɢ ɨɡɟɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ ɞ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ

ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɨɮɢɰɢ ɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɗɬɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɜɬɨ ɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɦɟ ɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɏɷɧɝɭɧ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɛɵɥ

12 ɋɦ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟɣ

121

ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɞɜɨɪɰɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢ ɹɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɮɢɫɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɚɯ ɝɞɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɹɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ (1392 1910 ɝɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ XIV XVI ɜɟɤɚɯ ȼɨ ɦɧɨ

ɝɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɏɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɩɨɥɭ ɱɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɀɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɧɨ ɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧ ɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɚ

Ɋɢɫ Ɍɨɤɫɭɝɭɧ Ʉɚɦɧɢ-ɦɚɪɤɟɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɟ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɢ

ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɝɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɱ ɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɣ

ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ʉɨɪɺ ɜ ɝ ɜ ɇɚɦɝɺɧ ɘɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɰɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɏɚɧɫɨɧɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɫɜɨɣ ɏɷɧɝɭɧ ɜɪɟ ɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɣ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɹ ɉɭɝɚɤɫɚɧ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIV ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ

Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɝɟɨ ɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɉɭɝɚɤɫɚɧ ɨɬɜɨɞɢ ɥɚɫɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɵ-ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɚ ɚ ɇɚɦɫɚɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɑɢɧɝɚ-ɑɚɧ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɫɩɨ

ɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɵ Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɇɚɤɫɚɧ ɢ Ɍɚɪɚɤɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨ ɤɟ ɢ ɂɧɜɚɧɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɑɢɧɝɚ-ɑɚɧ ɫ

ɟɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ Ⱦɜɨɪɰɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɜ ɏɚɧɫɨɧɟ ɏɚ

122

ɧɶɹɧɟ ɋɟɭɥɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɟɨɦɚɧɬɢɢ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ ɡɚɧɹɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɏɷɧɝɭɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢ ɪɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ɍɪɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɚɧ

ɫɚɦɛɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɹ ɉɭɝɚɤɫɚɧ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧ ɢ ɂɧɜɚɧɫɚɧ Ʉɺɧɯɢɝɭɧ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɟɜɟɪ ɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ Ʉɺɧɯɢ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰɑɚɧɞɨɤ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ Ɂɚɩɪɟɬ ɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɟɤɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ Ƚɭɝɭɧɚ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɪ ɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɹɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤ

ɫɚ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɨ ɪɟɢ ɜ XIV XVI ɜɟɤɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɪɵɜɚɹ ɫ

ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ

Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ

Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ Ʌɭɱɟɡɚɪɧɨ ɝɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ) ɛɵɥ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ (1392 1910 ɝɝ ȿɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ

ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɏɚɧɶɹɧɚ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɜ 1393 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ ɤ ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ

ɫɬɚɥ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɑɨɧ Ⱦɨ ɑɠɨɧ ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɹɪɭɫɧɚɹ ɩɚɝɨɞɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ Ʉɶɟɧɱɨɧɫɚ ɝ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜ ɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɣ.

Ⱦɜɨɪɟɰ ɛɵɥ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɂɦɱɠɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜ ɝ Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɚ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɢ ɤɝɨɞɭ ɨɧ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɥ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ 1911 ɝ ɞɜɨɪ

ɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɧɟɤɫɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨɦ ɝɟ ɧɟɪɚɥ-ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɚ ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɶ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɭɠɟ ɤɚɤ

123

ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɟ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ

Ɋɢɫ Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɝɟɧɩɥɚɧ 1-ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɸɠɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ -ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɥ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ Ʉɭɧɶɟɧɱɠɨɧ -ɨɡɟɪɨ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɦ ɡɚɥɨɦ Ʉɵɧɱɠɨɧɱɠɨɧ; 4-ɨɡɟɪɨ ɫ ɡɚɥɨɦ ɏɭɚɧɜɚɧɱɠɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɨɜ 5-ɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ -ɫɚɞɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɤɨɜɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ 7-ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ -ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ -ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ

ɜɚɬɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ

ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɫɨ ɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ 792 ɤɚɧ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧ

ɧɚɹ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 000 ɤɜ ɦ ɢ ɧɚɫɱɢ

ɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦ

ɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ȿɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ

124

ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɸɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢ

ɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ȼ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ

ɸɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɸɝɚ ȼ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ȼɫɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɝɥɚɜ ɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬ ɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ

Ɋɢɫ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɋɥɟɜɚ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɯɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɟ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ

ɉɚɪɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɟ ɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɹɦɢ ȿɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɥ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ Ʉɭɧɶɟɧɱɠɨɧ Ɂɚɦɵɤɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɡɟɪɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ

125

ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɹ Ʉɵɧɱɠɨɧɱɠɨɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜ

ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɹɦɢ

Ɋɢɫ ɉɚɪɚɞɧɵɣ ɡɚɥ Ʉɵɧɱɠɨɧɱɠɨɧ

Ɋɢɫ ȼɢɞɵ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɲɚɯɬɵ

ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɞɨɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟ ɫɤɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɟ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦ

126

ɩɥɟɤɫ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɭɞɨɠɟ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɧɵɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚ ɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɞɟɤɨɪɚ ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ

ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɲɟɥ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɚɦ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɚɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ

ȼ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɚɞɵ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɡɟɪɨ ɫ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɨɦ ɏɭɚɧɜɚɧɱɠɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬ ɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ.

Ɋɢɫ ȼɢɞɵ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɪɨɧɲɬɟɣɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɪɵ ɥɶɟɜ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɱɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ

ȼɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɛɵɥ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧ ɢ ɢɦɟɥ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ ɞ ȼ ɩɥɚɧɢ

127

ɪɨɜɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɣ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɨɞɱɟɫɬɜɚ

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ ɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɮɷɧɲɭɣ ɬɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ ɢ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɫɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɧɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɭɸ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɸ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɸɠɧɨ ɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɦ Ʉɭɧɶɟɧɱɠɨɧ

ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ ɤɭɧ Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ Ʉɨɥɢ ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɥɚ ɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨ ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɚ Ɂɚɩɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɤɢɬɚɣ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ

Ʉɨɧɟɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɰɜɟɬɭ ɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɤ ɜ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɟɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɛɵɜɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚ ɬɭɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɪɟɝɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɚɧ ɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɜɟɪɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɧɨɫɚɯ ɤɪɵɲ ɂɯ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɤɨ ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɭ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ

Ʉ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɬɟɧɚɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɂɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɦɧɹ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɨɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟ ɪɟɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɰɢɬɚɬ-ɧɚɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɜɫɟ

ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ȼ ɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫ

ɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɟɝ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɋɬɟɧɵ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɵɲɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɮɷɧɲɭɣ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɨ ɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ

128

ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧ

Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɑɚɧɞɨɤ ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɉɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɸ ɳɟɣ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɫɹ ɜ 1405 1412 ɝɝ ɗɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ

Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧɚ

Ɋɢɫ Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɑɚɧɞɨɤ ȼɢɞ ɫ ɩɬɢɱɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɝɟɧɩɥɚɧ -ɸɠɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ -ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ -ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ -ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ -ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɚɞ ɉɢɜɨɧ -

ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫ əɩɨɧɢɟɣ ɝ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɋɟɭɥ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɰɟ Ɍɨɤɫɭɝɭɧ ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɑɚɧɞɨɤ Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ ɚ ɤ ɝ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɠɢɥɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɞɨ ɝ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ 2 ɥɟɬ ɑɚɧɞɨɤ ɛɵɥ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢ

ɟɣ Ⱥɧɫɚɦɛɥɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤɜ ɦ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɢɡ ɨɮɢ ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ

129

ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɨɧɭ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɲɢɪ ɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ 32000 ɤɜ ɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɚɞ ɉɢɜɨɧ

ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɭɞ

Ɋɢɫ ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɟɧɩɥɚɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ -ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ 2-ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪ -ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ -ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ

Ɋɢɫ ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ -ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ -ɦɨɫɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɪɟɤɭ -ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ

ɇɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ 28 ɛɟɫɟɞɨɤ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɑɚɧ

ɞɨɤɤɭɧɚ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤɜ ɦ ȼ ɝ ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜ

ɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ

130