Evolyutsia_koreyskogo_goroda_Formirovanie_gorodskogo_prostranstva_i_transformatsia_arkhitekturnoy_formy
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ɇɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɪɚɦ ɉɪɟɞɤɨɜ ɋɚɦɭɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɡɨɧɚ Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɪɚɫ ɧɵɯ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɞɟɬ ɤ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɭ ɜɵɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚ ɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɢɬɚɦɢ ɬɪɨɩɚ ȼɞɨɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɪɨɩɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɜɫɩɨɦɨ ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ Ʉ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧ ɫɬɨɪɨɠɚ-ɫɥɭɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɯɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɞɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɞɚ-ɠɟɪɬɜɨɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɲɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɢɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɹɞɚ Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɦɵ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ
Ɋɢɫ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ
Ʉ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧ ɫ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɹɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɨɩ ɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɹɞ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɯɭ ɝɨɪɵ
91
Ɋɢɫ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ
Ɋɢɫ ɋɟɭɥ ȼɢɞ ɧɚ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧ ɫ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɨɩɚ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɦɢɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɧɭɬ ɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ ɋɚɦɚ ɬɪɨɩɚ ɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫ ɜ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹɯ Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɢɧ-ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɞɭɯɚ ɭɫɨɩɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨ-ɞɨ
ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɱɟɫɬɢ Ⱦɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɞɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɢɧ-ɞɨ
ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɦɚ ɗɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɥɦɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
92
ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɟɯɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɏɨɥɦ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹ ɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ȼ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɝɪɚɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɵɜɚɥɢ ɩɥɢɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɹɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɨɤɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ ɋɟɱɠɨ 1468 ɝɝ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚ
ɬɢɥ ɷɬɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ ɏɨɥɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɫ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɨɣ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ ɬɢɝ ɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɜɟɰ ɉɟɪɟɞ ɯɨɥɦɨɦ ɫ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɚ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɛɨɤɚɦ ɫɢɦɦɟɬ ɪɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɝɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɵ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɵ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɭɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɝ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ ɞɨɦɨɣ Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɚɪɶ ɚ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɉɨ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡ ɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ
ɥɨɲɚɞɶɦɢ ɚ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ ɜɨɢɧɚ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɥɨɲɚɞɶɦɢ
Ɋɢɫ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɩɹɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ ɉɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɋɢɥɥɚ
ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɭ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɢɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɯɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɥɦɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ
93
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ ɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ-ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɩɚɯɧɭɳɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɨɬ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɚɯ
Ɍɢɩɵ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɬ ɤ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɦ ɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɯɪɟɛɬɵ ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɪɚɡ ɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɯɨɥɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɋɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɦɟ ɜ ɦɨ ɝɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɢɩ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɭɫɨɩɲɢɯ ɯɨɪɨɧɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɚɹ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ
Ɋɢɫ Ɍɢɩɵ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɞɢ ɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɜ ɋɟɭɥɟ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɥɦɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚɯɫɥɟɜɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɨɛɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɞɨɣ
94
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɵɫɨɬɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɸɝ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ Ɍɚɤɨɣ
ɬɢɩ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɫɬɨɤ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɬɢɩ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɫɬɨɤ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɪ
ɧɵɯ ɯɪɟɛɬɚ ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɢɩɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɡɚ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɨɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɵ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɤɚ ɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɪɨɣɧɵɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɠɟɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɥɦɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɵ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɟɧɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɯ ɯɨɪɨɧɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɨ ɝɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɦ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɵ
ɐɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɭɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɳɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɢ ɥɨɫɶ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɵ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɜɵɫɨ ɤɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɧɛɚɧ ɢ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ Ɍɟɥɨ ɭɫɨɩɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɟɳɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ Ɍɪɟɯ ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɨɤɛɢɧɝɨ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɪɨɡɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɜ ɤɨ ɬɨɪɨɦ ɥɺɞ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɥɟɬɨ Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢ ɩɟɞ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɜɤɨɩɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɚ ɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɬɪɚɜɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɋɬɟɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɬ ɧɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɞɥɹ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ Ʌɟɞ ɡɚɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɥɚ ɫɬɵ ɞɨ -ɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 12 ɫɦ Ɍɟɥɨ ɭɫɨɩɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢ ɥɶɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɛɪɚɬɶ
ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɛɚɦɛɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɦɨɪ ɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɢ
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɹɦɭ-ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɭ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɦ ɤɭɪ ɝɚɧɨɦ ɜɵɤɚɩɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɱɨɤ 1.6 ɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ ɢɱɨɤ 3.3 ɦ ɞɥɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɋɬɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ
95
ɪɵɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜɵ ɫɨɤɨɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɪɟɫɤɚɦɢ
Ɋɢɫ Ɋɨɫɩɢɫɶ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɫɨ ɫɰɟɧɨɣ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ (I ɜ ɞɨ Ɋɏ 668 ɝ )
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɜɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ
ɤɚɧɨɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɧɚ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɟɣ ɫ ɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟɣ ɋɨɫɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɛɟɫɤɨ ɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ȿɟ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɡɟ ɥɟɧɚɹ ɯɜɨɹ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɜɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɛɚɦɛɭɤɚ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɝɧɟɬɫɹ ɧɨ ɧɟ ɥɨɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɜɵɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɰɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɟɝɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ
96
ȽɅȺȼȺ
ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɋɊȿȾɇȿȼȿɄɈȼɈȽɈ ȽɈɊɈȾȺ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɨ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɇɚɧɧɚɧɚ ɤ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ Ɍɪɟɯ ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɫɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ IV VIII ɜɟɤɚɯ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ
ɩɥɚɧɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɂɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚɯ ɑɠɨɭ ɥɢ Ʉɚɨɝɭɧɰɡɵ ɢ ɞɪ ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɢ ɧɚɫɬɢɣ Ɍɚɧ ɝɝ ɢ ɋɭɧ ɝɝ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɑɠɨɭɥɢ Ʉɚ ɨɝɭɧɰɡɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢ
ɦɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɚ ȼ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤ ɬɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɲɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ
ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɜ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɉɚɪɯɷ ɜ VI VIII ɜɟ ɤɚɯ ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜ Ʉɨɪɺ ɜ X XII ɜɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɚɧɨɧɚɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɭ ɑɠɨɭɥɢ, ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ
97
ɩɥɚɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ ɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɸɝ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɧ
ɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ Ɋɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ
Ɋɢɫ 41. Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ȼɢɞ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ ɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɶ
ɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɋɢɥɥɚ
Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɋɚɪɨ ɋɨɪɚɛɨɥɶ Ʉɵɦɫɨɧ Ɍɨɧɝɺɧ). ɂɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɸɠɧɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɩɥɟɦɹ ɋɚɪɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɝ ɞɨ Ɋɏ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ Ɉɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ Ʉɺɧɠɭɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ
ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɢɦɹ ɋɚɪɨ ɋɨɪɚɛɨɥɶ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɰɟɣ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɑɢɧɯɚɧ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟɣ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɍɪɟɯ ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ Ʉɵɦ ɫɨɧ ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɋɢɥɥɚ 936 ɝɝ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɛɳɟɤɨɪɟɣ ɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟɣ ɋ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɨɦ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ʉɨɪɺ 1392 ɝɝ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɭɬɪɚ
ɬɢɥ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ
98
ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ Ɍɨɧɝɺɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɹ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ
Ɉɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬ ɱ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɹɬɢ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɉɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɢ ɉɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɟ Ɍɭɦɭɥɢ Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɨɥɦɵ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣ ɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡ
ɦɟɪɚɦ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɢ ɨɬ -ɯ ɞɨ ɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ
Ɋɢɫ ȼɢɞ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɨɥɦɵ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɝ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ
ɋɨ 101 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɦ ɨɬ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɏɟɧɫɚɧɤɨɧ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɶ-
ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɦɟɜɲɚɹ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɲɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɨɜ ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɥɫɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɫɚɞ ɫ ɩɪɭɞɨɦ ɫ ɢɡɥɨɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɦɢ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ Ȼɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɋɚɪɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɇɨ ɜ VI ɜɟɤɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡ
ɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ȼ ɝ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟ ɋɚɪɨ ɋɨɪɚɛɨɥɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɹ Ʉɵɦɫɨɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ (935 ɝ ) ɢɡɦɟɧɢ
ɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ
99
Ɋɢɫ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɚ
Ɋɢɫ ȼɢɞ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɵ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ
ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɪɨ ɠɟɜɵɯ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɨ ɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɇɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟ ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɮɷɧɲɭɣ
100