- •Preface and Acknowledgments
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1: Embryology for Urologists
- •Introduction
- •Renal Development
- •Pronephros
- •Mesonephros
- •Metanephros
- •Development of the Collecting System
- •Critical Steps in Further Development
- •Anomalies of the Kidney
- •Renal Agenesis
- •Renal Aplasia
- •Renal Hypoplasia
- •Renal Ectopia
- •Renal Fusion
- •Ureteral Development
- •Anomalies of Origin
- •Anomalies of Number
- •Incomplete Ureteral Duplication
- •Complete Ureteral Duplication
- •Ureteral Ectopia
- •Embryology of Ectopia
- •Clinical Correlation
- •Location of Ectopic Ureteral Orifices – Male (in Descending Order According to Incidence)
- •Symptoms
- •Ureteroceles
- •Congenital Ureteral Obstruction
- •Pipestem Ureter
- •Megaureter-Megacystis Syndrome
- •Prune Belly Syndrome
- •Vascular Ureteral Obstructions
- •Division of the Urogenital Sinus
- •Bladder Development
- •Urachal Anomalies
- •Cloacal Duct Anomalies
- •Other Bladder Anomalies
- •Bladder Diverticula
- •Bladder Extrophy
- •Gonadal Development
- •Testicular Differentiation
- •Ovarian Differentiation
- •Gonadal Anomalies
- •Genital Duct System
- •Disorders of Testicular Function
- •Female Ductal Development
- •Prostatic Urethral Valves
- •Gonadal Duct Anomalies
- •External Genital Development
- •Male External Genital Development
- •Female External Genital Development
- •Anomalies of the External Genitalia
- •References
- •2: Gross and Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Upper Urinary Tract and Retroperitoneum
- •Overview
- •The Kidneys
- •The Renal Vasculature
- •The Renal Collecting System
- •The Ureters
- •Retroperitoneal Lymphatics
- •Retroperitoneal Nerves
- •The Adrenal Glands
- •References
- •3: Gross and Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract and Pelvis
- •Introduction
- •Female Pelvis
- •Male Pelvis
- •Pelvic Floor
- •Urinary Bladder
- •Urethra
- •Male Urethra
- •Female Urethra
- •Sphincter Mechanisms
- •The Bladder Neck Component
- •The Urethral Wall Component
- •The External Urethral Sphincter
- •Summary
- •References
- •4: Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
- •Testis and Scrotum
- •Spermatogenesis
- •Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
- •Genetic Regulation of Spermatogenesis
- •Epididymis and Ductus Deferens
- •Accessory Sex Glands
- •Prostate
- •Seminal Vesicles
- •Bulbourethral Glands
- •Penis
- •Erection and Ejaculation
- •References
- •5: Imaging of the Upper Tracts
- •Anatomy of the Upper Tracts and Introduction to Imaging Modalities
- •Introduction
- •Renal Upper Tract Basic Anatomy
- •Modalities Used for Imaging the Upper Tracts
- •Ultrasound
- •Radiation Issues
- •Contrast Issues
- •Renal and Upper Tract Tumors
- •Benign Renal Tumors
- •Transitional Cell Carcinoma
- •Renal Mass Biopsy
- •Renal Stone Disease
- •Ultrasound
- •Plain Radiographs and IVU
- •Renal Cystic Disease
- •Benign Renal Cysts
- •Hereditary Renal Cystic Disease
- •Complex Renal Cysts
- •Renal Trauma
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiology
- •Susceptibility and Resistance
- •Epidemiological Breakpoints
- •Clinical Breakpoints
- •Pharmacodynamic Parameters
- •Pharmacokinetic Parameters
- •Fosfomycin
- •Nitrofurantoin
- •Pivmecillinam
- •b-Lactam-Antibiotics
- •Penicillins
- •Cephalosporins
- •Carbapenems
- •Aminoglycosides
- •Fluoroquinolones
- •Trimethoprim, Cotrimoxazole
- •Glycopeptides
- •Linezolid
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •7: An Overview of Renal Physiology
- •Introduction
- •Body Fluid Compartments
- •Regulation of Potassium Balance
- •Regulation of Acid–Base Balance
- •Diuretics
- •Suggested Reading
- •8: Ureteral Physiology and Pharmacology
- •Ureteral Anatomy
- •Modulation of Peristalsis
- •Ureteral Pharmacology
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Afferent Signaling Pathways
- •Efferent Signaling
- •Parasympathetic Nerves
- •Sympathetic Nerves
- •Vesico-Spinal-Vesical Micturition Reflex
- •Peripheral Targets
- •Afferent Signaling Mechanisms
- •Urothelium
- •Myocytes
- •Cholinergic Receptors
- •Muscarinic Receptors
- •Nicotinic Receptors
- •Adrenergic Receptors (ARs)
- •a-Adrenoceptors
- •b-Adrenoceptors
- •Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Receptors
- •Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)
- •CNS Targets
- •Opioid Receptors
- •Serotonin (5-HT) Mechanisms
- •g-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Mechanisms
- •Gabapentin
- •Neurokinin and Neurokinin Receptors
- •Summary
- •References
- •10: Pharmacology of Sexual Function
- •Introduction
- •Sexual Desire/Arousal
- •Endocrinology
- •Steroids in the Male
- •Steroids in the Female
- •Neurohormones
- •Neurotransmitters
- •Dopamine
- •Serotonin
- •Pharmacological Strategies
- •CNS Drugs
- •Enzyme-inducing Antiepileptic Drugs
- •Erectile Function
- •Ejaculatory Function
- •Premature Ejaculation
- •Abnormal Ejaculation
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Epidemiology
- •Calcium-Based Urolithiasis
- •Uric Acid Urolithiasis
- •Infectious Urolithiasis
- •Cystine-Based Urolithiasis
- •Aims
- •Who Deserves Metabolic Evaluation?
- •Metabolic Workup for Stone Producers
- •Medical History and Physical Examination
- •Stone Analysis
- •Serum Chemistry
- •Urine Evaluation
- •Urine Cultures
- •Urinalysis
- •Twenty-Four Hour Urine Collections
- •Radiologic Imaging
- •Medical Management
- •Conservative Management
- •Increased Fluid Intake
- •Citrus Juices
- •Dietary Restrictions
- •Restricted Oxalate Diet
- •Conservative Measures
- •Selective Medical Therapy
- •Absorptive Hypercalciuria
- •Thiazide
- •Orthophosphate
- •Renal Hypercalciuria
- •Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- •Hyperuricosuric Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis
- •Enteric Hyperoxaluria
- •Hypocitraturic Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis
- •Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
- •Chronic Diarrheal States
- •Thiazide-Induced Hypocitraturia
- •Idiopathic Hypocitraturic Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis
- •Hypomagnesiuric Calcium Nephrolithiasis
- •Gouty Diathesis
- •Cystinuria
- •Infection Lithiasis
- •Summary
- •References
- •12: Molecular Biology for Urologists
- •Introduction
- •Inherited Changes in Cancer Cells
- •VEGR and Cell Signaling
- •Targeting mTOR
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •13: Chemotherapeutic Agents for Urologic Oncology
- •Introduction
- •Bladder Cancer
- •Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
- •Metastatic Bladder Cancer
- •Conclusion
- •Prostate Cancer
- •Other Chemotherapeutic Drugs or Combinations for Treating HRPC
- •Conclusion
- •Renal Cell Carcinoma
- •Chemotherapy
- •Immunotherapy
- •Angiogenesis Inhibitor Drugs
- •Conclusion
- •Testicular Cancer
- •Stage I Seminoma
- •Stage I non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumours (NSGCT)
- •Metastatic Germ Cell Tumours
- •Low-Volume Metastatic Disease (Stage II A/B)
- •Advanced Metastatic Disease
- •Salvage Chemotherapy for Relapsed or Refractory Disease
- •Conclusion
- •Penile Cancer
- •Side Effects of Chemotherapy
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •14: Tumor and Transplant Immunology
- •Antibodies
- •Cytotoxic and T-helper Cells
- •Immunosuppression
- •Induction Therapy
- •Maintenance Therapy
- •Rejection
- •Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
- •Summary
- •References
- •15: Pathophysiology of Renal Obstruction
- •Causes of Renal Obstruction
- •Effects on Prenatal Development
- •Prenatal Hydronephrosis
- •Spectrum of Renal Abnormalities
- •Renal Functional Changes
- •Renal Growth/Counterbalance
- •Vascular Changes
- •Inflammatory Mediators
- •Glomerular Development Changes
- •Mechanical Stretch of Renal Tubules
- •Unilateral Versus Bilateral
- •Limitations of Animal Models
- •Future Research
- •Issues in Patient Management
- •Diagnostic Imaging
- •Ultrasound
- •Intravenous Urography
- •Antegrade Urography and the Whitaker Test
- •Nuclear Renography
- •Computed Tomography
- •Magnetic Resonance Urography
- •Hypertension
- •Postobstructive Diuresis
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The Normal Lower Urinary Tract
- •Anatomy
- •Storage Function
- •Voiding Function
- •Neural Control
- •Symptoms
- •Flow Rate and Post-void Residual
- •Voiding Cystometry
- •Male
- •Female
- •Neurourology
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •17: Urologic Endocrinology
- •The Testis
- •Normal Androgen Metabolism
- •Epidemiological Aspects
- •Prostate
- •Brain
- •Muscle Mass and Adipose Tissue
- •Bones
- •Ematopoiesis
- •Metabolism
- •Cardiovascular System
- •Clinical Assessment
- •Biochemical Assessment
- •Treatment Modalities
- •Oral Preparations
- •Parenteral Preparations
- •Transdermal Preparations
- •Side Effects and Treatment Monitoring
- •Body Composition
- •Cognitive Decline
- •Bone Metabolism
- •The Kidneys
- •Endocrine Functions of the Kidney
- •Erythropoietin
- •Calcitriol
- •Renin
- •Paraneoplastic Syndromes
- •Hypercalcemia
- •Hypertension
- •Polycythemia
- •Other Endocrine Abnormalities
- •References
- •General Physiology
- •Prostate Innervation
- •Summary
- •References
- •Wound Healing
- •Inflammation
- •Proliferation
- •Remodeling
- •Principles of Plastic Surgery
- •Tissue Characteristics
- •Grafts
- •Flap
- •References
- •Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
- •Storage Phase
- •Voiding Phase
- •Return to Storage Phase
- •Urodynamic Parameters
- •Urodynamic Techniques
- •Volume Voided Charts
- •Pad Testing
- •Typical Test Schedule
- •Uroflowmetry
- •Post Voiding Residual
- •Further Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients
- •Cystometry with or Without Video
- •Cystometry
- •Videocystometrography (Cystometry + Cystourethrography)
- •Cystometric Findings
- •Comment:
- •Measurements During the Storage Phase:
- •Measurements During the Voiding Phase:
- •Abnormal Function
- •Disorders of Sensation
- •Causes of Hypersensitive Bladder Sensation
- •Causes of Hyposensitive Bladder Sensation
- •Disorders of Detrusor Motor Function
- •Bladder Outflow Tract Dysfunction
- •Detrusor–Urethral Dyssynergia
- •Detrusor–Bladder Neck Dyssynergia
- •Detrusor–Sphincter Dyssynergia
- •Complex Urodynamic Investigation
- •Urethral Pressure Measurement
- •Technique
- •Neurophysiological Evaluation
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Endoscopy
- •Cystourethroscopy
- •Ureteroscopy and Ureteropyeloscopy
- •Nephroscopy
- •Virtual Reality Simulators
- •Lasers
- •Clinical Application of Lasers
- •Condylomata Acuminata
- •Urolithiasis
- •Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- •Ureteral and Urethral Strictures
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The Prostatitis Syndromes
- •The Scope of the Problem
- •Category III CP/CPPS
- •The Goal of Treatment
- •Conservative Management
- •Drug Therapy
- •Antibiotics
- •Anti-inflammatories
- •Alpha blockers
- •Hormone Therapies
- •Phytotherapies
- •Analgesics, muscle relaxants and neuromodulators
- •Surgery
- •A Practical Management Plan
- •References
- •Orchitis
- •Definition and Etiology
- •Clinical Signs and Symptoms
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Treatment of Infectious Orchitis
- •Epididymitis
- •Definition and Etiology
- •Clinical Signs and Symptoms
- •Diagnostic Evaluation of Epididymitis
- •Treatment of Acute Epididymitis
- •Treatment of Chronic Epididymitis
- •Treatment of Spermatic Cord Torsion
- •Fournier’s Gangrene
- •Definition and Etiology
- •Risk Factors
- •Clinical Signs and Symptoms
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Treatment
- •References
- •Fungal Infections
- •Candidiasis
- •Aspergillosis
- •Cryptococcosis
- •Blastomycosis
- •Coccidioidomycosis
- •Histoplasmosis
- •Radiographic Findings
- •Treatment
- •Tuberculosis
- •Clinical Manifestations
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Schistosomiasis
- •Clinical Manifestations
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Filariasis
- •Clinical Manifestations
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Onchocerciasis
- •References
- •25: Sexually Transmitted Infections
- •Introduction
- •STIs Associated with Genital Ulcers
- •Herpes Simplex Virus
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Chancroid
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Syphilis
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Lymphogranuloma Venereum
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Chlamydia
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Gonorrhea
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Trichomoniasis
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Human Papilloma Virus
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Scabies
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •References
- •26: Hematuria: Evaluation and Management
- •Introduction
- •Classification of Hematuria
- •Macroscopic Hematuria
- •Microscopic Hematuria
- •Dipstick Hematuria
- •Pseudohematuria
- •Factitious Hematuria
- •Menstruation
- •Aetiology
- •Malignancy
- •Urinary Calculi
- •Infection and Inflammation
- •Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- •Trauma
- •Drugs
- •Nephrological Causes
- •Assessment
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Dipstick Urinalysis
- •Cytology
- •Molecular Tests
- •Blood Tests
- •Flexible Cystoscopy
- •Upper Urinary Tract Evaluation
- •Renal USS
- •KUB Abdominal X-Ray
- •Intravenous Urography (IVU)
- •Computed Tomography (CT)
- •Retrograde Urogram Studies
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- •Additional Tests and Renal Biopsy
- •Intractable Hematuria
- •Loin Pain Hematuria Syndrome
- •References
- •27: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
- •Historical Background
- •Pathophysiology
- •Patient Assessment
- •Treatment of BPH
- •Watchful Waiting
- •Drug Therapy
- •Interventional Therapies
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •28: Practical Guidelines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction and Peyronie´s Disease
- •Erectile Dysfunction
- •Introduction
- •Diagnosis
- •Basic Evaluation
- •Cardiovascular System and Sexual Activity
- •Optional Tests
- •Treatment
- •Medical Treatment
- •Oral Agents
- •Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE 5) Inhibitors
- •Nonresponders to PDE5 Inhibitors
- •Apomorphine SL
- •Yohimbine
- •Intracavernosal and Intraurethral Therapy
- •Intracavernosal Injection (ICI) Therapy
- •Intraurethral Therapy
- •Vacuum Constriction Devices
- •Surgical Therapy
- •Conclusion
- •Peyronie´s Disease (PD)
- •Introduction
- •Oral Drug Therapy
- •Intralesional Drug Therapy
- •Iontophoresis
- •Radiation Therapy
- •Surgical Therapy
- •References
- •29: Premature Ejaculation
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Defining Premature Ejaculation
- •Voluntary Control
- •Sexual Satisfaction
- •Distress
- •Psychosexual Counseling
- •Pharmacological Treatment
- •On-Demand Treatment with Tramadol
- •Topical Anesthetics
- •Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
- •Surgery
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •30: The Role of Interventional Management for Urinary Tract Calculi
- •Contraindications to ESWL
- •Complications of ESWL
- •PCNL Access
- •Instrumentation for PCNL
- •Nephrostomy Drains Post PCNL
- •Contraindications to PCNL
- •Complications of PCNL
- •Semirigid Ureteroscopy
- •Flexible Ureteroscopy
- •Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL)
- •Ultrasound
- •Ballistic Lithotripsy
- •Laser Lithotripsy
- •Ureteric Stents
- •Staghorn Calculi
- •Lower Pole Stones
- •Horseshoe Kidneys and Stones
- •Calyceal Diverticula Stones
- •Stones and PUJ Obstruction
- •Treatment of Ureteric Colic
- •Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET)
- •Intervention for Ureteric Stones
- •Stones in Pregnancy
- •Morbid Obesity
- •References
- •Anatomy and Function
- •Pathophysiology
- •Management
- •Optical Urethrotomy/Dilatation
- •Urethral Stents
- •Preoperative Assessment
- •Urethroplasty
- •Anastomotic Urethroplasty
- •Substitution Urethroplasty
- •Grafts Versus Flaps
- •Oral Mucosal Grafts
- •Tissue Engineering
- •Graft Position
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •32: Urinary Incontinence
- •Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- •Pathophysiology
- •Urge Incontinence
- •Conservative Treatments
- •Pharmacotherapy
- •Invasive/ Surgical Therapies
- •Stress Urinary Incontinence
- •Male SUI Therapies
- •Female SUI Therapies
- •Mixed Urinary Incontinence
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •33: Neurogenic Bladder
- •Introduction
- •Examination and Diagnostic Tests
- •History and Physical Examination
- •Imaging
- •Urodynamics (UDS)
- •Evoked Potentials
- •Classifications
- •Somatic Pathways
- •Brain Lesions
- •Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- •Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
- •Multiple Sclerosis
- •Huntington’s Disease
- •Dementias
- •Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
- •Tumors
- •Psychiatric Disorders
- •Spinal Lesions and Pathology
- •Intervertebral Disk Prolapse
- •Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
- •Transverse Myelitis
- •Peripheral Neuropathies
- •Metabolic Neuropathies
- •Pelvic Surgery
- •Treatment
- •Summary
- •References
- •34: Pelvic Prolapse
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Anatomy and Pathophysiology
- •Evaluation and Diagnosis
- •Outcome Measures
- •Imaging
- •Urodynamics
- •Indications for Management
- •Biosynthetics
- •Surgical Management
- •Anterior Compartment Repair
- •Uterine/Apical Prolapse
- •Enterocele Repair
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •35: Urinary Tract Fistula
- •Introduction
- •Urogynecologic Fistula
- •Vesicovaginal Fistula
- •Etiology and Risk Factors
- •Clinical Factors
- •Evaluation and Diagnosis
- •Pelvic Examination
- •Cystoscopy
- •Imaging
- •Treatment
- •Conservative Management
- •Surgical Management
- •Urethrovaginal Fistula
- •Etiology and Presentation
- •Diagnosis and Management
- •Ureterovaginal Fistula
- •Etiology and Presentation
- •Diagnosis and Management
- •Vesicouterine Fistula
- •Etiology and Presentation
- •Diagnosis and Management
- •Uro-Enteric Fistula
- •Vesicoenteric Fistula
- •Pyeloenteric Fistula
- •Urethrorectal Fistula
- •References
- •36: Urologic Trauma
- •Introduction
- •Kidney
- •Expectant Management
- •Endovascular Therapy
- •Operative Intervention
- •Operative Management: Follow-up
- •Reno-Vascular Injuries
- •Pediatric Renal Injuries
- •Adrenal
- •Ureter
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Delayed Diagnosis
- •Bladder and Posterior Urethra
- •Bladder Injuries: Initial Management
- •Bladder Injuries: Formal Repair
- •Anterior Urethral Trauma
- •Fractured Penis
- •Penile Amputation
- •Scrotal and Testicular Trauma
- •Imaging
- •CT-IVP (CT with Delayed Images)
- •Technique
- •Cystogram
- •Technique
- •Retrograde Urethrogram (RUG)
- •Technique
- •Retrograde Pyelogram (RPG)
- •Technique
- •One-Shot IVP
- •Technique
- •References
- •37: Bladder Cancer
- •Who Should Be Investigated?
- •Epidemiology
- •Risk Factors
- •Role of Screening
- •Signs and Symptoms
- •Imaging
- •Cystoscopy
- •Urine Tests
- •PDD-Assisted TUR
- •Pathology
- •NMIBC and Risk Groups
- •Intravesical Chemotherapy
- •Intravesical Immunotherapy
- •Immediate Cystectomy and CIS
- •Radical Cystectomy with Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
- •sexual function-preserving techniques
- •Bladder-Preservation Treatments
- •Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
- •Adjuvant Chemotherapy
- •Preoperative Radiotherapy
- •Follow-up After TUR in NMIBC
- •References
- •38: Prostate Cancer
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Race
- •Geographic Variation
- •Risk Factors and Prevention
- •Family History
- •Diet and Lifestyle
- •Prevention
- •Screening and Diagnosis
- •Current Screening Recommendations
- •Biopsy
- •Pathology
- •Prognosis
- •Treatment of Prostate Cancer
- •Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer (T1, T2)
- •Radical Prostatectomy
- •EBRT
- •IMRT
- •Brachytherapy
- •Treatment for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer (T3, T4)
- •EBRT with ADT
- •Radical Prostatectomy
- •Androgen-Deprivation Therapy
- •Summary
- •References
- •39: The Management of Testis Cancer
- •Presentation and Diagnosis
- •Serum Tumor Markers
- •Primary Surgery
- •Testis Preserving Surgery
- •Risk Stratification
- •Surveillance Versus Primary RPLND
- •Primary RPLND
- •Adjuvant Treatment for High Risk
- •Clinical Stage 1 Seminoma
- •Risk-Stratified Adjuvant Treatment
- •Adjuvant Radiotherapy
- •Adjuvant Low Dose Chemotherapy
- •Primary Combination Chemotherapy
- •Late Toxicity
- •Salvage Strategies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Index
382
Practical Urology: EssEntial PrinciPlEs and PracticE
Standardizedsurgicalproceduresareintended |
10. |
Lue TF, Giuliano F, Montorsi F, et al. Summary of the rec- |
|||||
to lengthen the concavity |
(excision, incision, |
|
ommendations on sexual dysfunctions in men. J Sex |
||||
grafting with different materials) or to shorten |
|
Med. 2004;1(1):6-23 |
|||||
11. |
Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a |
||||||
the convexity (Nesbit, plication procedure).39-41 |
|||||||
|
Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction |
||||||
Wide excision of plaque material from the tunica |
|
||||||
|
and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic |
||||||
is not considered“state-of-the-art” anymore due |
|
syndrome: A randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292 |
|||||
to a variety of subsequent complications. Penile |
|
(12):1440-1446 |
|||||
shortening is the main concern for all surgical |
12. |
Davis-Joseph B, Tiefer L, Melman A. Accuracy of the ini- |
|||||
techniques that involve plication/excision of the |
|
tial history and physical examination to establish the |
|||||
|
etiology of erectile dysfunction. Urology. 1995;45(3): |
||||||
tunica contralaterally to the plaque. However, |
|
||||||
|
498-502 |
||||||
these procedures are still common and the rate |
|
||||||
13. |
Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, |
||||||
of complications is low.38 |
|
|
|
Mishra A. The international index of erectile function |
|||
All procedures are well established with a pre- |
|
(IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erec- |
|||||
dictable rate of side effects and ideal for men |
|
tile dysfunction. Urology. 1997;49(6):822-830 |
|||||
with normal erectile function. In men with ED, |
14. |
Hatzichristou D, Rosen RC, Broderick G, et al. Clinical |
|||||
surgical correction of penile deviations in com- |
|
evaluation and management strategy for sexual dys- |
|||||
|
function in men and women. J Sex Med. 2004;1(1): |
||||||
bination |
with |
the implantation |
of hydraulic |
|
|||
|
49-57 |
||||||
penile implants has been established as the ther- |
|
||||||
15. |
Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Feldman HA, Derby CA, |
||||||
apy of choice. Depending upon penile deformi- |
|
Kleinman KP, McKinlay JB. Incidence of erectile dys- |
|||||
ties, incisions, graftings, or remodeling has been |
|
function in men 40–69 years old: longitudinal results |
|||||
suggested |
to |
straighten |
the |
penis during |
|
from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Urol. |
|
surgery.42,43 |
|
|
|
|
2000;163(2):460-463 |
||
|
|
|
16. |
Montorsi P, Ravagnani PM, Galli S, et al. Common |
|||
Conclusively, management of PD remains one |
|||||||
|
grounds for erectile dysfunction and coronary artery |
||||||
of the most challenging issues of sexual medi- |
|
||||||
|
disease. Curr Opin Urol. 2004;14(6):361-365 |
||||||
cine and reconstructive genital surgery.42 |
17. |
Kostis JB, Jackson G, Rosen R, et al. Sexual dysfunction |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
and cardiac risk (the Second Princeton Consensus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Conference). Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(12B):85M–93M |
|
References |
|
|
18. |
Jackson G, Betteridge J, Dean J, et al. A systematic |
|||
|
|
|
approach to erectile dysfunction in the cardiovascular |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
patient: A consensus statement – update 2002 Int J Clin |
|
1. Andersson KE. Pharmacology of penile erection. |
|
Pract. 2002;56(9):663-671 |
|||||
Pharmacol Rev. 2001;53(3):417-450 |
|
19. |
Meuleman EJ, Diemont WL. Investigation of erectile |
||||
2. Lue TF. Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(24): |
|
dysfunction. Diagnostic testing for vascular factors in |
|||||
1802-1813 |
|
|
|
|
erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. 1995;22(4): |
||
3. Kubin M, Wagner G, Fugl-Meyer AR. Epidemiology of |
|
803-819 |
|||||
erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2003;15(1):63-71 |
20. |
Jarow JP, DeFranzo AJ. Long-term results of arterial |
|||||
4. Roumeguere T, Wespes E, Carpentier Y, Hoffmann P, |
|
bypass surgery for impotence secondary to segmental |
|||||
Schulman CC. Erectile dysfunction is associated with a |
|
vascular disease. J Urol. 1996;156(3):982-985 |
|||||
high prevalence of hyperlipidemia and coronary heart |
21. |
Uckert S, Hedlund P, Andersson KE, Truss MC, Jonas U, |
|||||
disease risk. Eur Urol. 2003;44(3):355-359 |
|
Stief CG. Update on phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoen- |
|||||
5. Hackett G, Kell P, Ralph D, et al. British society for sexual |
|
zymes as pharmacologic targets in urology: present and |
|||||
medicine guidelines on the management of erectile dys- |
|
future. Eur Urol. 2006;50(6):1194-1207; discussion 1207 |
|||||
function. J Sex Med. 2008;5(8):1841-1865 |
22. |
Dula E, Bukofzer S, Perdok R, George M. Double-blind, |
|||||
6. Wespes E, Amar E, Hatzichristou D, et al. EAU guidelines |
|
crossover comparison of 3 mg apomorphine SL with |
|||||
on erectile dysfunction: an update. Eur Urol. 2006;49(5): |
|
placebo and with 4 mg apomorphine SL in male erectile |
|||||
806-815 |
|
|
|
|
|
dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2001;39(5):558-553; discussion |
|
7. Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al. American |
|
564 |
|||||
urological association guideline on the management of |
23. |
Andersson KE, Stief C. Oral alpha adrenoceptor block- |
|||||
priapism. J Urol. 2003;170(4 Pt 1):1318-1324 |
|
ade as a treatment of erectile dysfunction. World J Urol. |
|||||
8. Hatzichristou D,Hatzimouratidis K,Bekas M,Apostolidis |
|
2001;19(1):9-13 |
|||||
A, Tzortzis V, Yannakoyorgos K. Diagnostic steps in the |
24. |
Linet OI, Ogrinc FG. Efficacy and safety of intracavern- |
|||||
evaluation of patients with erectile dysfunction. J Urol. |
|
osal alprostadil in men with erectile dysfunction. The |
|||||
2002;168(2):615-620 |
|
|
|
alprostadil study group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(14): |
|||
9. Burnett AL, Aus G, Canby-Hagino ED, et al. Erectile |
|
873-877 |
|||||
function outcome reporting after clinically localized |
25. |
Jaffe JS, Antell MR, Greenstein M, Ginsberg PC, Mydlo |
|||||
prostate cancer treatment. J Urol. 2007;178(2):597-601 |
|
JH, Harkaway RC. Use of intraurethral alprostadil in |
383
Practical gUidElinEs For tHE trEatmEnt oF ErEctilE dysFUnction and PEyroniE´s disEasE
patients not responding to sildenafil citrate. Urology. 2004;63(5):951-954
26.Padma-Nathan H,HellstromWJ,Kaiser FE,etal.Treatment of men with erectile dysfunction with transurethral alprostadil. Medicated Urethral System for Erection (MUSE) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(1):1-7
27.Gholami SS, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Lin CS, Rajfer J, Lue TF. Peyronie’s disease: a review. J Urol. 2003;169(4): 1234-1241
28.Schwarzer U, Sommer F, Klotz T, Braun M, Reifenrath B, Engelmann U. The prevalence of Peyronie’s disease: Results of a large survey. BJU Int. 2001;88(7):727-730
29.Gelbard MK, Dorey F, James K. The natural history of Peyronie’s disease. J Urol. 1990;144(6):1376-1379
30.Kadioglu A,Akman T, Sanli O, Gurkan L, Cakan M, Celtik
M.Surgical treatment of Peyronie’s disease: a critical analysis. Eur Urol. 2006;50(2):235-248
31.Weidner W, Schroeder-Printzen I, Weiske WH, Vosshenrich R. Sexual dysfunction in Peyronie’s disease: an analysis of 222 patients without previous local plaque therapy. J Urol. 1997;157(1):325-328
32.Hauck EW, Hauptmann A,Weidner W, Bein G, Hackstein
H.Prospective analysis of HLA classes I and II antigen frequency in patients with Peyronie’s disease. J Urol. 2003;170(4 Pt 1):1443-1446
33.Haag SM, Hauck EW, Szardening-Kirchner C, et al. Alterations in the transforming growth factor (TGF)- beta pathway as a potential factor in the pathogenesis of Peyronie’s disease. Eur Urol. 2007;51(1):255-261
34.Hauck EW, Diemer T, Schmelz HU, Weidner W. A critical analysis of nonsurgical treatment of Peyronie’s disease. Eur Urol. 2006;49(6):987-997
35.Weidner W,Hauck EW,Schnitker J.Potassium paraaminobenzoate (POTABA) in the treatment of Peyronie’s disease: A prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Eur Urol. 2005;47(4):530-535; discussion 535-536
36.Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL, et al.A prospective, randomized study using transdermal electromotive administration of verapamil and dexamethasone for Peyronie’s disease. J Urol. 2004;171(4):1605-1608
37.Hauck EW, Mueller UO, Bschleipfer T, Schmelz HU, Diemer T, Weidner W. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for Peyronie’s disease: exploratory meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Urol. 2004;171(2 Pt 1):740-745
38.Hauck EW.Against the motion: surgery is the best choice for Peyronie’s disease. Eur Urol. 2006;49(6):1128; discussion 1128-1129
39.Lue TF, El-Sakka AI. Venous patch graft for Peyronie’s disease part I: technique. J Urol. 1998;160(6 Pt 1): 20472049
40.El-Sakka AI, Rashwan HM, Lue TF. Venous patch graft for Peyronie’s disease part II: outcome analysis. J Urol. 1998;160(6 Pt 1):2050-2053
41.Hellstrom WJ, Reddy S. Application of pericardial graft in the surgical management of Peyronie’s disease. J Urol. 2000;163(5):1445-1447
42.Hauck EW,Weidner W.Francois de la Peyronie and the disease named after him. Lancet. 2001;357(9273):2049-2051
43.Montorsi F, Salonia A, Maga T, et al. Reconfiguration of the severely fibrotic penis with a penile implant. J Urol. 2001;166(5):1782-1786